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PL
Polska wprowadziła wysokie unijne standardy obowiązujące dla jakości wody przeznaczonej do picia. W ciągu ostatnich lat jakość wody dostarczanej wodociągami wzrosła, a pomimo to spożycie wody butelkowanej w Polsce ciągle rośnie. Artykuł porusza kwestie spożycia wody butelkowanej i jej wpływu na środowisko przyrodnicze oraz wpisuje się w kontynuację zagadnienia związanego z jakością wody pitnej w Polsce. W tym celu przedstawiono dane odnośnie spożycia i jakości wody butelkowanej w Polsce w latach 2008–2013 oraz zmiany przepisów prawa w zakresie kwalifikowania wód butelkowanych w Polsce, które są wynikiem dostosowania naszego prawa do wymogów UE. Artykuł ma charakter badawczy. W pracy wykorzystano metodę analizy danych i porównań.
EN
Poland has introduced high EU standards for the quality of drinking water. In recent years, although the quality of water supplied via water supply systems has increased, the consumption of bottled water in Poland is still growing. This article first discusses the issues of consumption of bottled water and its impact on the environment and secondly it continues the discussion on drinking water quality in Poland. For this purpose, the article presents the data on the consumption and the quality of bottled water in Poland in the years 2008-2013 and shows the changes in the law on market eligibility of bottled waters in Poland, which followed the adaptation of laws to the EU requirements.
EN
The presence of small artificial water reservoirs is typical of the landscape of small agricultural catchments. The old mill dammings are used today mostly for recreation and fish farming. Moreover, they are a very important part of the hydrological system of small rivers, stabilizing and shaping the discharge and physico-chemical characteristics of water. Coupled with the landscape function of the ponds goes their functioning in conditions of strong human pressure in the urban space. A canalized rivers in the urban parts of its courses picks up rubbishes washed down from the surface and coming from a storm sewer system and sometimes from leachate from a sanitary sewage system.An example of hydrological systems operating in such environments are Dzierżązna and Sokołówka catchments (Fig. 1). The first one is located north of Zgierz in the impact zone of the city of Łódź. Despite agro-forestry character, a significant impact on water quality is the chalets area and the A2 motorway crossing the catchment. The Sokołówka catchment is flowing through the urban area of the Łódź city. Both of the river flows are highly variable, and the water is heavily contaminated and has a high load of suspension (Tab. 1)In both of the catchments the role of artificial reservoirs created to improve the quality of water is the important issue. In the Dzierżązna catchment the several retention and infiltration ponds are working for regulating the outflow from the A2 motorway. In the Sokołówka valley the biofilter has been recently built (Fig. 2). It was constructed in order to purify urban storm- and waste water (sequential biofiltration system of Sokołówka – SSBS). The main purpose of the constructed SSBS was to remove sediments, suspended solids, particulate pollutants, petroleum hydrocarbons, heavy metals, nutrients and bacterial contamination from storm-water runoff through sedimentation and filtration mechanisms.The paper discusses the construction of both systems and technical solutions. To evaluate the effectiveness of their operation analyzed changes in the basic characteristics of physicochemical water parameters (water temperature, conductivity (SEC), pH, the concentration of dissolved oxygen, turbidity (NTU)) measured before and after both of cleansing systems in the year and multiyear (Fig. 3, Fig. 4).Attention has been also paid to the distribution of the mineral sediment deposited on the bottom of the biofilter SSBS system (Fig. 5). It was found that lowering the temperature in the winter and the appearance of a compact ice cap adversely affect the ability of biofilm to absorb pollutants causing (relative to the hot half year) an increase of conductivity, a higher pH and reducing of oxygenation of water.Identified mean changes of the selected physicochemical parameters of water discharged from the area of the A2 motorway to the Dzierżązna river system and as a result of the SSBS system operation to Sokołówka river (Fig. 6).All the measured parameters are reduced after passing through both of systems. As a result of mechanical sedimentation the greatest reduction is suspended material transported by water – in the SSBS on average about 16% less than in untreated waters (in the Dzierżązna catchment this element was not measured). The pH of the water in both systems changes to the same extent – decreases by 10% in the Dzierżązna, and 7% in SSBS.
EN
Main issues concerning drinking water supply in the Angara River watershed. Water supply for drinking and communal-general purposes plays an important role in every economy all over the world as water is not only widely used for people’s everyday purposes, but is also essential for people’s vital functions. The principle concerning the priorities of supplying drinking and communal water, stipulated in relevant norms and regulations, presumes that in the first place people should be provided with water according to the existing scientifically grounded health standards. At the same time, drinking water is only a part of natural water resources; thus, it is closely linked to the whole hydro-economic situation of the region, and the connection is one of interrelation and interdependence. The territory under consideration stretches from the source of the Angara River downwards to the city of Bratsk and constitutes the upper and middle sections of the river. The following features are typical of this territory: high level of urban development, high level of anthropogenic pressure on water resources, wide scope of water quality and quantity conditions; all of the above result in a difference in drinking water provision between the regions and communities.
EN
A decrease in the level of water safety has been observed in recent years. Changes in climate (that have, for example, resulted in drought), insufficient water retention, demographic changes and activities in many areas of economy affect the availability of water resources. In the light of the limited size of these resources, steps taken to use them practically play an increasingly vital role. The importance of proper management of water resources is underlined in the context of sustainable development. Disparity between urban and rural areas in terms of progress in achieving the goals of sustainable development (related to water resources management), or less access to water supplies and sewage infrastructure in villages, reflect the need to assess the adequacy of actions taken by water companies. The Supreme Audit Office carried out an audit of the effectiveness of water resource management in rural areas. Its results show numerous irregularities and neglects resulting in significant water losses and problems in terms of water quality. The article highlights the most important findings of the audit in the context of the protection of water resources.
PL
Od 2016 r. Najwyższa Izba Kontroli przeprowadziła kilka kontroli dotyczących zasobów wodnych i odprowadzania ścieków, wskazując na liczne nieprawidłowości i zagrożenia związane z nieprawidłowym gospodarowaniem w tym obszarze. Racjonalnemu wykorzystaniu wody, a także jej ochronie w Polsce miały sprzyjać w ostatnich latach liczne inwestycje. W 2020 r. nakłady na środki trwałe służące gospodarce wodnej wyniosły łącznie 2666 mln zł, z czego najwięcej przeznaczono na ujęcia i doprowadzenia wody, budowę i modernizację stacji uzdatniania oraz zbiorniki i stopnie wodne. W ostatniej dekadzie odnotowano poprawę w dostępie do wody pitnej oraz usług sanitarnych, jest ona jednak najbardziej odczuwana na terenach miejskich. Dostrzegając wagę efektywnego gospodarowania zasobami wodnymi, zwłaszcza w sytuacji słabiej rozwiniętej infrastruktury wodociągowej i kanalizacyjnej na terenach wiejskich, Najwyższa Izba Kontroli przeprowadziła badanie, którego ustalenia wskazały na problemy w gospodarowaniu przez przedsiębiorstwa wodociągowe oraz niewystarczające działania podejmowane w celu minimalizowania strat i zapewnienia właściwej jakości dostarczanej wody. Szczegóły przestawiono w artykule.
EN
The paper presents an assessment of the water quality of the Vistula river and its tributaries in selected municipalities in the Cieszyn district based on benthic macroinvertebrates. A total of 45 samples were taken on nine positions. Most of the collected individuals were identified to the family level, except: Heptageniidae which was diagnosed to the genus; Turbellaria and Oligochaeta identified into the class. The conducted research showed that 54 taxa of benthic macroinvertebrates occurred at the analyzed sites. Among them, 40 taxa have a bioindicative value. The most sensitive to pollution are mayflies from the family Ameletidae and caddisflies from the families Glossosomatidae, Leptoceridae and Beraeidae. However, their frequency and density at the study sites was very low. The families Ephemerellidae, Heptageniidae, Hydropsychidae and Polycentropodidae as well as annelids from the Oligochaeta class were much more frequent. Based on macrozoobenthos diversity data, two biological indices were calculated: BMWP-PL index and Margalef's biodiversity index. The values of these biological indicators was using to the classiffication of water into the appropriate quality class. The final classification showed that the examined sections of the Vistula river represents the I, II and III class of water quality what indicated high, good and moderate ecological potential/state. The first class of water quality in terms of both indices was recorded at the sites located in Ustroń, Skoczów and Drogomyśl. For these positions, the value of the BMWP-PL index was over 100, while the value of the Margalef's index was in the range of 6.26-7.17.The lowest, third class of water quality was found in Kiczyce and Ochaby Wielkie. In these places, the diversity of macroinvertebrates was the lowest, which was reflected in the low values of both studied indices (BMWP-PL: 40; 41, Margalef's index: 2.6; 3.37).
PL
Wstęp Woda doprowadzana do unitów dentystycznych musi być odpowiedniej jakości. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki mikrobiologicznej analizy zimnej wody wodociągowej, która służy do napełniania jednorazowego kubka dla pacjenta, oraz wody demineralizowanej, która do panelu narzędzi unitu dopływa przewodem ze zbiornika umieszczonego w grupie wodnej. Materiał i metody W celu oceny stopnia czystości (zanieczyszczenia) wody wykorzystywanej w unitach stomatologicznych przeprowadzono w 6 gabinetach stomatologicznych w okresie od kwietnia do czerwca 2013 r. dwie serie badań mikrobiologicznych. Próbki wody do badań mikrobiologicznych pobierano zgodnie z obowiązującą metodyką, do jałowych butelek bakteriologicznych z wydezynfekowanej wylewki zasilającej kubek (woda wodociągowa) oraz ze strzykawko-dmuchawki (woda demineralizowana). Bakterie hodowano zgodnie z zaleceniami Polskich Norm – PN-EN ISO 6222, PN-EN ISO 9308-1, PN-EN ISO 16266. Wyniki W badanych próbkach wody stwierdzono liczne bakterie psychrofilne (maks. 29 100 CFU/ml) i mezofilne (maks. 24 700 CFU/ml), w tym m.in. pojedyncze bakterie z grupy coli. Wnioski Wyniki wskazują, że woda dostarczana do unitu stomatologicznego powinna być okresowo badana pod względem fizykochemicznym i bakteriologicznym. Systemy wodne unitów należy również okresowo dezynfekować w celu wyeliminowania bakterii i biofilmu. Med. Pr. 2015;66(6):763–770
EN
Background Water supplied to the dental units must be of sufficient quality. The article presents the results of the microbiological analysis of cold municipal water which flows into a patient’s disposable mouthwash cup, and demineralized water which flows through a waterline into the tool panel of a dental unit from the tank placed in the water group. Material and Methods In order to assess the degree of purity (impurities) of water used in dental units, 2 series of microbiological tests were carried out in 6 dental surgeries from April to June, 2013. The water samples for microbiological testing were collected into sterile microbiological bottles in accordance with the current methodology. The water for the tests was collected from a sterile cup-filling tap (municipal water) and from an air/water syringe (demineralized water). The bacteria were cultured according to the Polish Standards – PN-EN ISO 6222, PN-EN ISO 9308-1, and PN-EN ISO 16266. Results In the tested samples of water numerous psychrophilic bacteria (max 29 100 CFU/ml) and mesophilic bacteria (max 24 700 CFU/ml), including single coliforms, were found. Conclusions The results show that water delivered to a dental unit should be periodically tested bacteriologically and in terms of physical and chemical properties. Water systems of dental units should also be periodically disinfected to eliminate bacteria and biofilm. Med Pr 2015;66(6):763–770
PL
W niniejszym opracowaniu dokonano analizy sposobów odprowadzania odpadów stałych i ich wpływu na jakość wody w obszarze gminy Ugep w Yakurr Local Government Council dystryktu Cross River w Nigerii. Wyniki ujawniły, że na badanym obszarze zachodzi istotny i niekorzystny związek między metodami usuwania odpadów stałych, a jakością wody pitnej oraz użytku domowego. Dane zostały zebrane na podstawie 500 kwestionariuszy wypełnionych przez głowy rodzin. Jednoznacznie wykazano, że zły stan infrastruktury oraz wyzwania związane z dostępem do niezbędnych udogodnień w połączeniu z nieefektywnym zarządzaniem nielicznymi istniejącymi zasobami w zakresie urządzeń sanitarnych narażają mieszkańców na problemy zdrowotne i socjalne. Wyniki przeprowadzonych badań wskazują, że istnieje istotny związek między metodą unieszkodliwiania odpadów stałych (odkażaniem), a jakością wody dostępnej w obszarze prowadzonych badań. Warunkiem stworzenia zrównoważonego i służącego zdrowiu systemu usuwania odpadów, przy jednoczesnej trosce o jakość wody jest zachęcanie przez służby medyczne i odpowiednie agencje rządowe, a także samych członków społeczności do wspólnego zaangażowania w proces podnoszenia świadomości na temat praktyk sanitarnych. Poziom zanieczyszczenia wody magazynowanej, zwłaszcza w miejscu jej użytkowania, jest znacznie wyższy niż wody rzecznej, wykorzystywanej bezpośrednio. W przypadku dostępności dużych zasobów wody, problem jej niskiej jakości można łatwo rozwiązać, ponieważ wiąże się to z mniejszą liczbą problemów sanitarnych. Zarówno organizacje rządowe jak i prywatne powinny wdrażać i wspierać inicjatywy na rzecz podniesienia poziomu ekonomicznego mieszkańców tej społeczności.
EN
The study carried out an analysis of solid waste disposal and its implication for water quality in the Ugep Community, located in Yakurr’s Local Government Council of Cross River State, Nigeria. Findings revealed that there is a significant and adverse relationship between solid waste disposal methods and the quality of drinking water, along with domestic uses in the study area. Data was collected through the administration of 500 questionnaires, with family heads as points of primary contact. It was clear that the poor state of infrastructural development and the challenge of availability and access to requisite amenities, coupled with inefficient management of the few available resources, has further exposed inhabitants to health and welfare issues. Results indicate a significant relationship between the solid waste disposal (sanitation) method and water quality in the study area. Awareness creation on sanitary practices by health and related government agencies, as well as community members themselves, should be encouraged to participate, as it will ensure a sustainable and health-oriented waste disposal system, bearing in mind likely concerns for water quality. Contamination of water is more prevalent in stored water, especially at the point of usage, as compared to where water flows freely, and is used without being stored. If water quantity is massive, the challenge of low quality is easily resolved, as less sanitation problems would occur. Government and private organisations should implement and encourage economic empowerment initiatives, in order to improve the livelihoods of the residents of the community.
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