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1
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O internetowych ciasteczkach

100%
Zabawa M.
LingVaria : Półrocznik Wydziału Polonistyki UJ poświęcony zagadnieniom języka i językoznawstwa
|
2014
|
issue 18
103-111
EN
The aim of the present article is to discuss the semantic loan ciasteczko (‘cookie’) used in Polish. The new meaning of the word, modelled on English, is connected with computers and the Internet. the new legal regulations in Poland require all Polish websites to inform the Internet users about the fact that a given website uses cookies. Quotations from various Polish websites are analyzed; it is clear that the form in question is far from fully assimilated into Polish, as there is a great deal of confusion seen among the authors of texts published on the Internet. Four main solutions are in operation: (1) the use of the English lexical borrowing only, (2) the use of the English semantic borrowing only, (3) the use of both the English semantic and lexical borrowing and (4) the use of the English lexical borrowing followed by a definition of the term in Polish. In addition, new collocations of the word are analyzed.
2

Andyjskie zapożyczenia leksykalne w językach dorzecza Beni (Amazonia boliwijska) w świetle danych archeologicznych, historycznych i etnograficznych

100%
Karwowski A.
Rocznik Antropologii Historii
|
2018
|
issue 11, Kulturowa historia wiedzy
297-325
XX
The Beni River basin is located in the southwestern Amazon, from the cultural and historical viewpoint, in the borderland of two different worlds: Andean civilizations and “barbaric” Amazonian cultures. It is inhabited mainly by groups of the Tacanan linguistic family (but also Arawacan Apolistas, and isolated Chimanes and Mosetenes) who have been in contact with Indians from the mountains for centuries, especially with Quechua and Aymara. This article addresses the linguistic traces (borrowings mainly in Tacanan languages) as well as archaeological, historical, and ethnographical evidence of these contacts in the past. There are many indications that culturally important terms, such as mara, “year”, yanacona, “shaman”, huaca, “holy place” or quirica, “paper, book” are of Andean origins. The original meaning of part of borrowed words has been changed; some of them have been assimilated during the Inca Period, others in the Colonial Period. On the other hand, evidence of the presence of the Quechua Indians in this region in pre-Conquest times, apart from historical reports on the conquest of the Incas in this part of the continent, are the remains of Inca buildings and fortresses in Ixiamas, at the foothills of the Andes, and in Las Piedras, near the mouth of the Madre de Dios River flowing into the Beni River.
3
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A breakthrough book about the Polish-Eastern Slavic linguistic borderland

88%
Rocznik Slawistyczny
|
2020
|
issue LXIX
4
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ENGLISH WORDS IN THE TALK OF POLISH TEENAGERS. A REVIEW OF SOCIOLINGUISTIC ASPECTS

88%
Krawiec M.
Acta Neophilologica
|
2008
|
vol. X
51-61
EN
The following article primarily deals with the notion of lexical borrowing. It particularly emphasizes the process of adopting English loanwords by Polish teenagers who in this way reflect their views, beliefs and feelings as well as accentuate their sense of belonging and their presence in the society. Apart from encapsulating opinions and observations of scholars on this subject, the article provides an extensive amount of empirical data which comes from the survey conducted among young Poles in March 2007. This data is presented by the author with the aim of issuing a list of English loanwords commonly adopted by Polish teenagers for whom these words function as an important part of their daily communication. The use of these items is exemplified in the article by various sentences which were quoted by teenagers participating in the research. The sentences in fact illustrate how foreign units are incorporated to the Polish system and in what social contexts they are applied by the youth. An analysis of the data is also carried out here to assist the author in classifying English loanwords into certain semantic fields and in distinguishing and comparing the codes developed by boys and girls at the gymnasium and secondary school level. The article in the final part enumerates the reasons for adopting English words teenagers and discusses the most influential channels by means of which the transmission of lexical borrowings takes place.
5

Anglicyzmy w polskim dyskursie naukowym

88%
Majchrzak O.
Kształcenie Językowe
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2015
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vol. 13 (23)
73 - 90
EN
The aim of the article is to examine the perception of lexical borrowings from English in Polish academic discourse, as there is a noticeable tendency in Polish to overuse Anglicisms in English linguistics. The author analyses the Polish language used by advanced users of English in their research domain, i.e. linguistics. In addition, she tries to establish how the academic Polish language with its marked English influences is perceived by scholars specialising in English and Polish. As the author’s research demonstrates, scholars specialising in the Polish language will accept more Anglicisms in Polish academic discourse than those specialising in the English language, which suggests that an individual’s perception of Anglicisms is determined not only by his or her linguistic awareness but also by the need to handle terminology in both languages.
6
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English Words Adopted and Used by Polish Graffiti Writers. A Review o f Socio-Linguistic Aspects

88%
Krawiec M.
Acta Neophilologica
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2007
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issue IX
53-63
EN
The issues presented in the article concern English loanwords and their role in the process of shaping a specific variety of the language which is characteristic of the subculture of Polish graffiti writers. The article describes various forms, styles and techniques by means of which young people signal their presence and express their thoughts and feelings. The paper is, first of all, an analysis of the linguistic component and an attempt of classifying English lexical units which are borrowed and most frequently used in the conversations of Polish graffiti writers. This study also concentrates on the categorization of the linguistic content which is adopted from the English language to various forms of Polish graffiti writings. The article presents the results of the survey which was conducted at the turn of April and May 2006. The obtained results suggest the widespread use of English words in the daily talk of Polish graffiti writers, the evidence of which comes from the quoted expressions and utterances that are applied by artists in their environment and their description of the so called "crime work". The article in the final part also enumerates the main factors which are believed to have a significant impact on such frequent use of English words among Polish graffiti writers.
7
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The methodology and criteria of identification of Polish loanwords in Lithuanian

75%
Kregždys R.
LingVaria : Półrocznik Wydziału Polonistyki UJ poświęcony zagadnieniom języka i językoznawstwa
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2014
|
issue 18
195-217
EN
The article examines the methodology and criteria of identification of Polish loan words in Lithuanian. Also etymology, peculiar developments, and trends in the infiltration of these borrowings are discussed. The following conclusions are proposed based on our analysis: 1) Polonisms in Lithuanian can be divided into three groups, based on the principles of (α) establishing the primary source of the variants of the Lithuanian word (through areal distribution), and (β) the words’ phonetic, morphological and semantic identity (correlated with the modulation of α). Also taken into account are peculiarities in the usage of the primary forms (not necessarily in the inherited layer) on the West Slavic ground, and their secondary variants in the East Slavic languages (based on the inquence of factors α and β). The resulting three groups are: I. mo n o g e n i c (i.e. homogenous, not represented in the vocabulary of the East Slavic languages (based on factor α)), II. i n d e t e r m i n a t e (due to the presence of variants of loanwords from Polish in East Slavic vocabulary (factor α) in dierent time periods), III. a l t e r n a t i v e (III.. forms belonging to the inherited layer, characteristic of Polish and one of the East Slavic languages (with regard to factor α); III.. doublet variants of foreign origin, derived from a dierent primary source; III.. Semipolonisms). 2) The kg digraph is one of the crucial characteristics that allows Polish loanwords in Lithuanian to be divided into the monogenic, indeterminate, and alternative. It is attested in the structure of Old Belorussian lexemes, and it re!ects the phonetic feature of the Belorussian explosive velar consonant г /g/ in loanwords and in words of the inherited layer, in combinations with other consonants: зг, дзг, and джг. 3) Spirantization of the West Slavic sonant *ȓ (> ř /ź/ or /ś/), when the temporal factor is taken into account (the process operated till the 17th c.), is a feature of paramount importance as it allows Lithuanian words to be identified and attributed to either Polish or Belorussian. 4) The phenomenon of vocalization of the Polish lateral sonant ł (the shi' to //), also known as vavation, is reflected in those loanwords in Lithuanian which belong to a later period, in dialectal forms, and also in Belorussian lexemes, and it regulates the division of borrowings into Polonisms and Belorussianisms. 5) When attributing loanwords based on dierences in vowels, it is their place in the system that should be considered, not their pronunciation. 6) The etymological status of the borrowing is determined by a match between the semantic value of the word in Lithuanian, and the original form in the West and/or East Slavic languages. 7) The fact that the Polish etymon is itself of East Slavic origin, has no influence on the establishing of the status of Polonism for a borrowing into Lithuanian (so-called secondary Polonisms).
8
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Attitudes of Norwegians towards the growing influence of English

75%
Awedyk W.
Folia Scandinavica Posnaniensia
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2009
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vol. 10
143-154
EN
This paper shortly outlines the present status of English in Norway, principally in relation to the growing presence of English lexical borrowings in Norwegian. Some attention will also be devoted to the views held by Norwegian linguists towards the potential threat that the English language represents, particularly in domains where it is likely to supersede the Norwegian language.
9
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O kilku formalnie podobnych wyrazach w mowie Polaków zamieszkałych w obwodzie lwowskim

75%
Kostecka-Sadowa A.
Poradnik Językowy
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2024
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vol. 810
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issue 1
109-119
EN
The article aims at presenting and discussing several similar words with different meanings in Polish dialects, yet commonly known and used by Polish speakers in the South-Eastern Borderlands. Dictionary research and extensive material documentation show that the words hurba, hurma, ujma are well embedded in the vocabulary resources of respondents who use southern Polish in the South-Eastern Borderlands on a daily basis. Centuries of Polish–Ukrainian contacts have influenced a number of linguistic processes. Direct contacts among the bilingual population enabled a gradual, mutual, usually relatively unconscious acquisition of various linguistic features (including dialectal ones), especially when it comes to vocabulary.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie i omówienie kilku wyrazów podobnych znaczeniowo o różnym zasięgu w gwarach polskich, zaś powszechnie znanych w mowie respondentów polszczyzny poludniowokresowej. Badania słownikowe oraz bogata dokumentacja materiałowa pokazują, że wyrazy hurba, hurma, ujma są dobrze osadzone w zasobie słownikowym respondentów posługujących się na co dzień polszczyzną południowokresową. Wielowiekowe polsko-ukraińskie kontakty ludności wpłynęły na szereg procesów językowych. Dzięki bezpośrednim kontaktom ludności dwujęzycznej dochodziło do stopniowego, wzajemnego, na ogół bliżej nieuświadomionego przejmowania różnych cech językowych (w tym gwarowych), zwłaszcza w zakresie słownictwa.
10

Czynniki wpływające na przyswajanie anglicyzmów. Studium terminologii żonglerskiej

75%
Kowalewski H.
Prace Językoznawcze
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2020
|
issue XXII/1
131–144
PL
Celem artykułu jest określenie czynników, które wpływają na proces adaptowania zapożyczeń leksykalnych z języka angielskiego wśród polskich żonglerów. Użytkownicy języka stojący przed pokusą zaadaptowania terminu angielskiego w celu nazwania nowej rzeczy lub zjawiska mają do wyboru jedną z trzech podstawowych strategii: mogą spróbować znaleźć lub stworzyć polski odpowiednik angielskiego terminu, stosować anglicyzm oraz polski odpowiednik równolegle lub używać wyłącznie anglicyzmu. Na wybór strategii wpływają przede wszystkim: 1) dostępność polskiego odpowiednika (fonetyczno-)semantycznego; 2) ekonomia językowa, czyli prostota składniowa i morfologiczna anglicyzmu oraz odpowiednika polskiego; 3) stopień utrwalenia odpowiednika polskiego; 4) stopień specjalizacji anglicyzmu. Ogólną tendencją wydaje się być preferowanie słów prostszych, lepiej utrwalonych i bardziej wyspecjalizowanych.
EN
The aim of the article is to determine the factors influencing the adoption of lexical borrowings from English into the terminology of Polish jugglers. Faced with the temptation to adopt an English term, users may resort to one of three main strategies: they may try to find or coin a Polish equivalent and use the equivalent exclusively, they may use the anglicism and the Polish equivalent interchangeably, or they may use the anglicism exclusively. The choice of the strategy is motivated mainly by: 1) the availability of the Polish equivalent, 2) syntactic and morphological simplicity of the borrowing and the Polish equivalent, 3) the degree of entrenchment of the Polish equivalent; 4) the degree of specialization the anglicism. In general, users tend to prefer simpler, more entrenched, and more specialized terms.
11

Dominujące elementy obcojęzyczne w wybranych słowiańskich dialektach miejskich (ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem dialektu miejskiego Ostrawy)

63%
Juszczak B.
Slavica Wratislaviensia
|
2019
|
vol. 170
135-145
EN
The article researches foreign language elements in the urban dialects of a few Slavonic cities. Those elements can function in urban dialects in different ways. In the urban dialects of Warsaw, Poznan, Lviv and Brno they appear as a result of lexical borrowings, which are caused by contacts between groups of citizens of different nationalities. In this situation a Czech city, Ostrava, stands out: all of the Polish elements in its urban dialect are proof of maintained remains of a Polish foundation. Those are still vivid marks of multiple and complex lingual contacts and historical events in the area of Zaolzie.
RU
Статья посвящена проблематике иноязычных элементов в городских диалектах некоторых славянских городов. Иноязычные элементы могут проникать в городские диалекты различными путями. В городских диалектах Варшавы, Познани, Львова и Брна они появляются как результат классических заимствований, как итог контактов групп горожан различных национальностей. В этом плане чешская Острава стоит особняком, так как все польские элементы этого городского диалекта представляют собой сохранившиеся остатки польского субстрата. Это ещё живые следы сложных языковых контактов и исторических событий на территории так называемого Заользия (чешс. Záolší).
12

Polskie zapożyczenia leksykalne w ukraińskiej gwarze nadsańskiej (na przykładzie kilku wsi z regionu mościskiego)

63%
Kostecka-Sadowa A.
Prace Językoznawcze
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2019
|
issue XXI/1
65-76
EN
The influence of the Polish language on the Ukrainian local dialect results from the long-lasting contact between the two languages and from the bilingualism of those who speak them. On the basis of the presented examples one may draw the conclusion that the complicated cultural and linguistic situation of the inhabitants of southern borderland, especially those belonging to the middle-aged and the young generation, results in the fact that it is difficult for them to specify their identity and to distinguish which language item is actually Ukrainian and which is a borrowing. The analysis of their Ukrainian dialect shows that its condition results from the development of both the external processes and the internal processes which include a diffusion of Polish influences. Sometimes it is difficult to distinguish foreign influences from preserved archaisms or from the language’s own change and development.
13

Polskie zapożyczenia leksykalne w ukraińskiej gwarze nadsańskiej (na przykładzie kilku wsi z regionu mościskiego)

63%
Kostecka-Sadowa A.
Prace Językoznawcze
|
2018
|
issue XX/4
EN
The influence of the Polish language on the Ukrainian local dialect results from the long-lasting contact between the two languages and from the bilingualism of those who speak them. On the basis of the presented examples one may draw the conclusion that the complicated cultural and linguistic situation of the inhabitants of southern borderland, especially those belonging to the middle-aged and the young generation, results in the fact that it is difficult for them to specify their identity and to distinguish which language item is actually Ukrainian and which is a borrowing. The analysis of their Ukrainian dialect shows that its condition results from the development of both the external processes and the internal processes which include a diffusion of Polish influences. Sometimes it is difficult to distinguish foreign influences from preserved archaisms or from the language’s own change and development.
14

Zapożyczenia leksykalne w języku przesiedleńców z Trembowli i Wierzbowiec na Podolu

63%
Kostecka-Sadowa A.
Prace Językoznawcze
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2017
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issue XIX/4
79-92
EN
In the article the author presents the data from the dictionary of the Polish dialect used in the South-Eastern Borderlands (on the basis of Trembowla and Wierzbowiec). The analysis focuses on the borrowings and particularly on the semantic changes which the words undergo as a result of a direct contact of three tongues: Polish, Ukrainian and Russian. The foreign-language items in the dictionary are not simple for the evaluation and classification because they tend to show multidirectional influences – of a specific language, of the lexical composition of the mother tongue. A particularly distinct borderline occurs between regionalisms and Ukrainian and German influences. The biggest problems in interpretation are caused by the vocabulary items that overlap in these languages, so that it is not often possible to reconstruct the direction of the influence. Certain expressions, e.g. of German origin, are found both in Polish and Ukrainian. It is then difficult to establish whether they are independent loans in each of the languages or they have been borrowed via an intermediary language, either Polish or Ukrainian.
15
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Konszabelant: osobliwy transfer językowy

63%
Bańko M.
Język Polski
|
2022
|
vol. 102
|
issue 4
55-65
PL
Artykuł dotyczy słowa konszabelant, znanego z dziecięcej piosenki Jestem muzykantem konszabelantem. Przedmiotem uwagi jest jej niemieckie źródło, paralelne piosenki w kilku innych językach, etymologia, znaczenie i zakres użycia słowa konszabelant, a przede wszystkim powody, dla których niemiecka fraza (Ich) komm’ aus Schwabenland ‘pochodzę (ew. przychodzę) ze Szwabii’ została w polskim tekście oddana w taki sposób, oraz okoliczności, w których się to stało.
XX
The article concerns the word konszabelant, known from the children’s song Jestem muzykantem konszabelantem ‘I’m a music man’. It focuses on the German source of the song, parallel songs in several other languages, the etymology of konszabelant, its meaning and scope of use, and above all the reasons why the German phrase (Ich) komm’ aus Schwabenlad ‘I come/arrive from Swabia’ was in the Polish text rendered in such a way, and the circumstances in which it happened.
16

Jeszcze o roli przyrostka -k- w adaptacji zapożyczeń w polszczyźnie

63%
Bańko M.
Język Polski
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2019
|
vol. 99
|
issue 3
32-43
PL
Artykuł stawia pytanie o funkcję sufiksu -k- w adaptacji rzeczowników obcego pochodzenia w polszczyźnie. W literaturze przeważa pogląd, że jest to funkcja czysto strukturalna. Analiza stosunkowo obszernego materiału, wybranego z czterech słowników zapożyczeń, pokazuje jednak, że sufiks -k- pełni zwykle też funkcję quasi-deminutywną, ponieważ tworzy nazwy przedmiotów małych rozmiarów lub nazwy przedmiotów wprawdzie dużych, ale małych w granicach danej kategorii. W artykule zwrócono uwagę na trudności w odróżnieniu quasi-deminutywów adaptowanych cząstką -k- od autentycznych zdrobnień, tworzonych za pomocą równokształtnego sufiksu w języku polskim, jak również na to, że w jednych i w drugich sufiks -k- często powiela funkcję sufiksu deminutywnego obecnego w wyrazie źródłowym.
EN
This article raises the question of the function of the suffix -k- in the adaptation of foreign nouns in Polish. The prevailing view in the literature is that -k- plays a purely structural role. However, the analysis of relatively extensive material chosen from four dictionaries of loanwords shows that in most cases the suffix has also a quasi-diminutive function because it creates names of small-sized objects or names of objects that are large but small within a given category. The article draws attention to the difficulties in distinguishing quasi-diminutives adapted with the particle -k- from real diminutives, created with the equiform suffix in Polish, and also to the fact that in both kinds of words the suffix -k- often duplicates the function of a diminutive suffix present in the source word.
17
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O wyrażeniu oldschool i jego derywatach w polszczyźnie

63%
Marcin Zabawa M.
Język Polski
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2024
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vol. 104
|
issue 1
79-92
PL
Celem artykułu jest analiza anglicyzmu leksykalnego oldschool w polszczyźnie. Pierwsza część artykułu poświęcona jest definicjom omawianego słowa w różnych źródłach leksykograficznych, a następnie przedstawione są informacje dotyczące częstości jego użycia. Zasadnicza część artykułu poświęcona jest opisowi nowych kontekstów użycia wyrażenia, które zostały zilustrowane licznymi przykładami, zaczerpniętymi z korpusów NKJP oraz MoncoPL. Artykuł wykazuje, że leksem znacząco rozszerzył swój zakres użycia i może być traktowany nie tylko jako anglicyzm właściwy, ale i zapożyczenie semantyczne, a także rodzimy neosemantyzm.
EN
The aim of the present paper is to discuss the English lexical borrowing oldschool used in Polish. The first part of the article is devoted to definitions of the word in various lexicographic sources; then, information on the frequency of its use is presented. The main part of the paper focuses on the discussion of the new contexts of the use of the lexeme in question, illustrated with numerous examples, taken from NKJP and MoncoPL corpora. The article shows that the word has significantly expanded its scope and should be perceived not only as a lexical borrowing from English, but as a semantic loan and a native semantic innovation as well.
18
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Кто «придумал» крамбамбули и его название? – Об извилистых словесных путях и широко игнорируемом процессе словообразования

63%
Hentschel G.
Linguistica Copernicana
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2022
|
vol. 18
29-43
EN
The contribution is about the history of a designation for a liqueur that was first produced by a distillery founded by the Dutch in Danzig at the end of the sixteenth century. However, the liqueur’s name Krambambuli only first appeared in German in the mid-eighteenth century and somewhat later in a similar form in Polish, Russian and Dutch. Today, some consider the liqueur typically Belarusian. Evidence shows that the name made a career for itself in student fraternities at German universities during the nineteenth century and was simultaneously expanded to become a designation for various kinds of alcoholic beverages. The etymology of the word has only been partially solved satisfactorily: to kram-. It will be shown how the emergence of the word can be explained with a “poetic” rule for word formation that has been known for decades but rarely heeded. German-Polish language contact might have played a role from the very beginning, but this becomes opaque along the word’s later winding path: from German into Russian back into Polish and then, from the latter into Belarusian.
RU
В данной статье речь идёт об истории названия спиртного напитка, появившегося на свет в Гданьске, в основанной голландцами в конце XVI века винокурне. При этом его название, Krambambuli, встречается в немецком языке только с середины XVIII века; в польском, русском и голландском оно в схожей форме появляется несколько позже. Сам напиток некоторые сегодня считают чисто белорусским. Есть свидетельства о том, что это название активно продвигалось в студенческих братствах немецких университетов XIX века, что сопровождалось его распространением в качестве обозначения спиртных напитков любого рода. Этимология слова на сегодняшний день разрешена только частично, а именно лишь по отношению к элементу kram-. В статье показывается, как с помощью «поэтического» правила словообразования, о котором известно уже несколько десятилетий, но которому практически не придаётся значение, можно объяснить происхождение слова. Немецко-польские языковые контакты могли вместе с тем с самого начала сыграть в этой истории определённую роль, которая вследствие запутанных путей нашего слова из немецкого в русский, оттуда опять в польский, а затем оттуда и в белорусский, со временем утратила свою прозрачность.
19
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Wpływy polskie w mowie ludności ukraińskiej województwa lwowskiego na przykładzie słownictwa

51%
Kostecka-Sadowa A.
Slavia Occidentalis
|
2018
|
issue 75/1
73-82
EN
The aim of this study is to show some aspects of how Polish loanwords exist in Ukrainian dialects in the rural areas. While in the population from the study area, Ukrainians represent a majority, the community consists of a significant percentage of Polish inhabitants. The article analyses the names of lexical and semantic group names of kitchen utensils for food preparation used in the subdialects of the Nadsiannia boundary area. The origin of the analysed names is given together with parallels with others dialects of the Ukrainian langu
PL
The aim of this study is to show some aspects of how Polish loanwords exist in Ukrainian dialects in the rural areas. While in the population from the study area, Ukrainians represent a majority, the community consists of a significant percentage of Polish inhabitants. The article analyses the names of lexical and semantic group names of kitchen utensils for food preparation used in the subdialects of the Nadsiannia boundary area. The origin of the analysed names is given together with parallels with others dialects of the Ukrainian language.
20
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Germanizmy w języku białoruskim mające polskie ekwiwalenty: ich liczebność w ujęciu diachronicznym i charakterystyka jakościowa

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Hentschel G.
Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia Linguistica
|
2017
|
issue 12
120-129
EN
In Belarusian, different types of German loans are found. However, most of them did not come directly from German, but were passed on to Belarusian by other languages such as Polish, or later in history, Russian. In many cases, the path is unclear, especially with German loans found in all three Slavic languages mentioned. Apart from this, some of the (alleged) Germanisms are already loans in German itself, and hence could have taken different ways into Belarusian. This paper criticises older studies which comment on quantitative aspects of German loans in Belarusian, neglecting the “etymological” heterogeneity of the elements. Instead, an (approximate) quantitative analysis of German loans in Belarusian is offered, concentrating on those elements with Germanic etymology most probably mediated by Polish, the undoubtedly largest subset of Germanisms in Belarusian.
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