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EN
‘Amusement’ is differently valued in science (philosophy of morality, psychology, cultural studies) than in language, which is reflected, among others, in the development of the significance of its notions in the Polish and Czech language. Ethics and psychology place more value in the activity of ‘amusing someone’, i.e. in amusement ‘directed towards someone’, ‘giving pleasure to someone’ than in ‘amusing oneself’, ‘self-oriented amusement’, or ‘pleasure seeking’. Cultural studies does not accept ‘amusement’ to be synonymous to ‘amusing oneself’ as opposed to ‘amusing someone’; it treats this notion in autonomous terms and values it highly due to the inspiration it provides for artistic activity, be it musical or vocal expression, dance, or – indirectly – for visual arts. The semantic development of the aforementioned notions in the Polish and Czech language points to how the axiologically neutral meaning of ‘to stay, to reside’ evolves into the axiologically positive meaning of ‘giving pleasure’. Different contextual significance modifies the degree of positive assessment, changing the motives and actions, e.g. ‘amusing the guests’ can result not from altruism, but rather from social convention, often seen as an unpleasant obligation. A comparison of semantic changes occurring in the Polish and Czech languages only indicates minor differences in lateral semantic varieties, with the main current of alterations coinciding. There is, however, not enough research material to formulate general conclusions.
EN
The proverb reflects social realities and popular beliefs. It can be considered within the framework of a comparative paremiology, so that we undertake this study as a contribution to the French- Spanish-Galician phraseological dictionary. We have resorted to whole paroemias in the French languages, belonging to different times and without the limitation of an Eurocentric perspective, basing ourselves on this Francophone culture, as a linguistic, cultural and sociological ensemble of the Francophonie. This field of work has been restricted to proverbs relating in some way to love, in the broad sense, associated with the female figure, as a source of fulfilment, of discernment, of opulence, in her role as irreplaceable mother or as an equal to the man. It is only a question of those which praise or transmit a positive aspect of women, at least in one of their possible interpretations, unlike the others, much more usual and numerous, which offer a negative image.
FR
Le proverbe reflète la réalité sociale et les croyances populaires. Il peut être envisagé dans le cadre d’une parémiologie comparée, de sorte que nous entreprenons cette étude comme une contribution au dictionnaire phraséologique français-espagnol-galicien. Nous avons eu recours à un ensemble de parémies en langue française, appartenant à différentes époques et sans nous limiter à une perspective eurocentriste, en nous basant sur une culture francophone, comme ensemble linguistique, culturel et sociologique de la francophonie. Le champ de travail a été restreint aux proverbes ayant trait d’une certaine manière à l’amour, au sens large, associé à la figure féminine, comme source d’épanouissement, de discernement, d’opulence, dans son rôle de mère irremplaçable ou comme l’égale de l’homme. Il n’y est question que de ceux qui en font l’éloge ou desquels il en ressort un aspect positif, au moins dans l’une de leurs possibles interprétations, contrairement à ceux, bien plus habituels et nombreux, qui en offrent une image négative.
EN
In this study, we focus our attention on the lexical notes in Polish-French bilingual dictionaries which are supposed to provide additional information on the semantics of the items and, therefore, on their translation into the target language. After having identified three bilingual dictionaries containing such lexical notes (placed in boxes or frames within the structure of the book), we classify their content into 15 categories. More than half of them are based on semantic relations between lexical units, including false friends, onomasiological fields, and (para)synonyms. Fifty-five boxes out of 215 deal with formal relations, most often paronymy. The numerically least important group is made up of boxes containing different usage advice. We identify also some methodological errors in the conception of the boxes (mostly due to the irrelevance of the content for the target audience).
PL
Artykuł ten odnosi siȩ do znaczenia w jego aspekcie pragmatycznym. Analiza przeprowadzona została na podstawie frazeologii rosyjskiej i polskiej zawierającej waloryzację emocjonalną ujemną i dodatnią. Praca ta może być pomocna w rozwiązywaniu problemów związanych z etykietami leksykograficznymi proponując nowy system etykiet ekspresywnych. Autorzy uważają, że waloryzacja emocjonalna może być zdefiniowana w terminach cech względnie obiektywnych. Niniejszy artykuł proponuje również nowy typ klasyfikacji jednostek frazeologicznych mający za podstawę GLT (grupy leksykalno-tematyczne).
EN
The present work investigates the pragmatic aspect of meaning based on Russian and Polish phraseology with positive and negative emotional evaluation. Such kind of investigation helps to resolve various problems with lexicographical marks and create a new improved system of expressive marks. The authors think that the emotional evaluation can be defined with quite objective characteristics. It is offered the new type of classification based on GLT (lexical-thematic groups).
FR
Le présent travail concerne l’aspect pragmatique de la signification. Il est basé sur la phraséologie russe et polonaise qui contient une évaluation émotionnelle négative ou positive. Cette recherche se veut une aide à la résolution de plusieurs problèmes relatifs aux étiquettes lexicographiques en proposant un nouveau système d’étiquettes expressives. Les auteurs considèrent que l’évaluation émotionnelle peut être définie en termes de caractéristiques relativement objectives. Le travail offre un nouveau type de classification des unités phraséologiques basé sur les GLT (groupes lexico-thématiques).
FR
Les recherches entreprises jusqu’à maintenant sur le nom propre en français nous permettent de mettre à profit les résultats auxquels ont abouti les rhétoriciens, les grammairiens et les linguistes pour un traitement lexicographique bilingue des unités lexicales et phraséologiques contenant des noms propres employés figurativement en français et macédonien. Dans cet article, nous essayons de distinguer l’ensemble des critères pertinents permettant au lexicographe de sélectionner et recenser ces unités, de proposer des solutions sur leur traitement et d’identifier les problèmes et les spécificités du nom propre.
EN
Research on proper names in French allows us to use the results of rhetoricians, grammarians and linguists for bilingual lexicographical processing of lexical units and phraseologisms containing proper names used figuratively in French and Macedonian. In this article, we try to distinguish relevant criteria allowing the lexicographer to select and list those units, put forward solutions for their processing and identify problems and characteristics.
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