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PL
Jarosław Bąbka, Lifestyles of Intellectually Disabled Adults. Interdisciplinary Contexts of Special Pedagogy, no. 26, Poznań 2019. Pp. 217–235. Adam Mickiewicz University Press. ISSN 2300-391X. e-ISSN 2658-283X. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.14746/ikps.2019.26.10 The purpose of the paper is to show lifestyles of intellectually handicapped adults in the context of the Andrzej Siciński concept. The paper presents the results of research carried out following the interpretive trend, in the hermeneutic-phenomenological perspective, using the dialogue method. The study shows that the disabled manifest habits indicating a blocked, withdrawal as well as a here-and-now-oriented style. The analysed persons exhibited a searching style only in a small extent. There were no statements indicating a change-oriented style. The respondents adapted passively to the conditions of their lives, they were reluctant to speak about the future and about the need to change something in their own lives. The analysis and interpretation of the research results revealed three incompatible areas: (1) culture patterns (the way of thinking, norms of functioning in a particular community), (2) resources of their environment, and (3) resources of an individual, which explains why the lifestyles of intellectually handicapped people analysed in the study were oriented towards passive adaptation rather than to development and changes.
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Contemporary young people face new challenges of the rapidly changing reality.Th e conditions of social life change substantially, oft en causing transformationsin the sphere of awareness and behavior. Developing the system of values is anextremely crucial issue in the process of educating children and young people andcreating conditions for their development. Young people, oft en lost in the cultureof pleasure, encounter suggestions of new ways of forming rules of behavior, hierarchizingrules and choosing life targets. Developing and forming the right andlasting hierarchy of values is an indispensable factor of a conscious life and makingresponsible decisions, making certain choices and showing particular behaviours.In the article a part of the research concerning the system of values of 280 secondaryschool students has been presented. Th e researches were of a comparable nature.Data from two types of schools, that is, public and private secondary schoolsfrom various sizes of towns of the Podkarpacie voivodeship have been compiled.Th e analysis of the values selected by young people will fulfi ll the life philosophy ofthe analyzed, with reference to these aspects which are the most important for them.
EN
Students are an important target group for marketing activities conducted by various market entities, including service businesses. This is a group the behaviours of which are varied because of e.g. preferred accepted values and lifestyles. Changes in attitudes and behaviours of students must be seen also in the context of changes taking place in the field of higher education. The article presents some results of a survey conducted in 2012 on a sample of 382 students on the services provided by the dining options that are located at the University of Economics in Wroclaw. Special attention was devoted to the motivations and selection criteria foodservice points, because their identification is particularly interesting from the standpoint of recognition lifestyles.
EN
This article presents the characteristics of capitalist society in terms of cultural factors influencing the quality of lifestyles. Status of the profession, is one of the factors determining the social status of the family, and it should be a determinant of the level of income. This article is an attempt to describe the culture of capitalism and its instruments, then the analysis made in the definition of the lifestyles of families and the impact of this culture (capitalism) on their formation by the market.
EN
Błeszyńska Krystyna M., Orłowska Małgorzata, Seniorzy w cyberprzestrzeni. Między stereotypem a rzeczywistością [Seniors in Cyberspace. Between Stereotype and Reality]. Studia Edukacyjne nr 56, 2020, Poznań 2020, pp. 153-166. Adam Mickiewicz University Press. ISSN 1233-6688. DOI: 10.14746/se.2020.56.8 Today, stereotypically seniors are assigned many negative traits. One of them is their lack of digital competences, which in consequence leads to their exclusion from modern social life. Given that modern Western societies are rapidly aging, this problem is becoming a social issue that needs to be addressed. A significant part of society must not be allowed to live as outcasts. In this situation, a question arises whether contemporary seniors are definitively excluded, or is age not an apparent premise in their case, and the problem lies elsewhere? The analysis of the collected empirical material revealed that the variable determining the level and type of social participation in virtual society is not age, but the level of education. Therefore, contrary to the prevailing views, seniors are not at risk of information exclusion and it is difficult to consider them as digital immigrants. Contrary to stereotypes, seniors are more distant, selective and pragmatic; independence allows them not to imitate culture and lifestyles, but to create them in contrast to the generation of their grandchildren.
PL
This article is an attempt to redefine the concept of free time in such a way as to take into account the nuances of the social determinants of adolescent leisure. Classic definitions of leisure have emphasized its disinterestedness, voluntary nature, and unproductiveness. Later researchers indicated that the issue was more complex. How people spend their free time is a derivative of their social position and cultural, social, and symbolic capital, and is also often a component of a chosen lifestyle or an element of identity. It is currently believed that how a person spends free time is also influenced by the individual’s gender, age, origin, and physical predisposition. In regard to youth leisure, the disappearance of clear divisions between work and rest time seems to be extremely important, especially in two areas: participation in extracurricular activities, and the huge role of smartphones and the Internet in the lives of young people, along with the associated “prosumption,” unregulated financial issues (making money online), and many other phenomena.
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Poszukiwanie roli religii w kształtowaniu dorosłości wyraża się w odkrywaniu czynników sprzyjających rozwojowi osoby. Wśród nich wymienia się coraz częściej religię, z uwagi na to, że zaspokaja ona potrzebę odkrywania źródła i sensu istnienia oraz działania. W chrześcijaństwie tym ostatecznym punktem odniesienia jest osobowy Bóg, który w Jezusie Chrystusie wypełnia zamiar zbawienia ludzkości. Oznacza to, że religia chrześcijańska posiada wymiar indywidualny i wspólnotowy, co przekłada się na jej oddziaływania społeczne i w każdym z nich na swój własny sposób jest urzeczywistniana w postaci wiary. Wymiar indywidualny związany jest z dynamizmem wyznawanej wiary i opisywany w postaci koncepcji rozwoju religijnego czy rozwoju wiary. Wymiar społeczny wyraża się w odniesieniach do innych ludzi w postaci relacji interpersonalnych oraz do grup społecznych i instytucji. Analiza materiału badawczego zgromadzonego wśród studentów Korespondencyjnego Kursu Biblijnego (narracje absolwentów, dane demograficzne uczestników oraz obliczenia statystyczne) pokazują, że istnieje wśród dorosłych Polaków zapotrzebowanie na edukację religijną, która dostarczając rzetelnej wiedzy będzie wspomagała poszczególne osoby i grupy w kształtowaniu stylu życia.
EN
Looking for the role of religion in forming adulthood is expressed in discovering factors fostering the development of a person. Amid them, religion is more and more often mentioned, as it fulfills the need of finding the source and sense of existence and acting. In Christianity, this final point of reference is personal God, who in Jesus Christ realizes the intention of humanity salvation. This means that Christian religion has the individual and communal shape that is transferred on its social impact dimensions and in each of them it has own way of realizing in the faith. The individual dimension is connected with the dynamism of the faith confessed and described in a concept of religious development, or the development of faith. The social dimension is seen in the references to other people in the shape of interpersonal relationships and in the references to social groups and institutions. Analysis of the research material gathered among the students of Biblical Correspondence Course (narrations of graduates, demographic data of participants and statistical calculations) depicts that there is the need for religious education among grown-up, which providing the true knowledge will support particular persons and groups in building the life style.
EN
Presenting the ideas of the degrowth movement, the article tries in particular to paint as complete and detailed a picture as possible of the motivation of 38 people (Poles, Czechs, and Slovaks) who opted for a radical change of lifestyle. Panel studies were carried out with the use of semi-structured interviews focused on motives behind these changes, their nature, reactions of the environment, and the overall balance of profits and losses due to resigning from the once held prestigious positions. The decision to change the lifestyle turned out to be a well-thought-out process of difficult transformation, involving a plethora of dilemmas and social costs. The motivation behind it was of extra-egocentric character. The idea of development became more important than status-related profits. Interestingly, the respondents didn’t see it as a goal in itself, but rather as a means to achieve their social goals. While the degrowth movement remains a marginal phenomenon, it may pose a challenge to materialism, pragmatisation of social attitudes, and the socially sanctioned ‘success – career’ path that follows them. Consequently, it can trigger certain social phenomena and restrain ideologised structures by tapping into qualities typical of individual attitudes which, albeit scarce, require commitment, self-discipline, and sacrifice. It appears to be one of many attempts at dealing with the problems of modern times.
EN
Aim. This paper aims to diagnose the revival of universally accessible sport in Poland and the place sport holds in the lifestyles of Polish society. In particular, the paper seeks to identify the causes of the revival, that is, show where the causes should be searched for and name the factors and determinants that have played the dominant role in changes studied in this paper. Methods. In order to reach the goal formulated above, the author has used the most popular theories of lifestyle and the findings of research conducted by Andrzej Sicinski, a Polish sociologist whose dissertations on lifestyle are widely esteemed by the research community. Additionally, this paper employs the extremely important sociological theories of structural functionalism and symbolic interactionism. Results. Analyses performed in the rational order and employing a wide range of empirical data reveal two groups of factors that have played a fundamental role in the revival of universally accessible sport among the Polish public as well as in the related changes in Polish people’s lifestyles. One group are factors resulting from the changing social structure (education, affluence, employment structure, etc.), while factors in the other group stem from cultural changes (dominant ideals, behavioural patterns, social control, cultural pressure, etc.). Discussion and Conclusion. The above changes in the cultural sphere have had more and less indirect influence on the public’s attitudes towards sporting activities. This is to say that culture is a socialization factor that prompts individuals and communities to internalize sporting lifestyles. The acceptance of such lifestyles meets with positive sanctions and symbolic rewards, whereas individuals and communities that reject such lifestyles expose themselves to negative sanctions and symbolic retributions which are often just as unbearable as financial penalties.
PL
Cel. Celem pracy jest próba diagnozy renesansu sportu powszechnego i jego obecności w stylu życia społeczeństwa polskiego. W sposób zaś szczególny ustalenie przyczyn takiego stanu rzeczy, tj. wskazanie kierunków poszukiwań oraz czynników czy determinantów, które odegrały dominującą rolę w interesujących nas przemianach. Metody. Do realizacji tak sformułowanego celu wykorzystano najbardziej nośne teorie stylów życia oraz ustalenia Andrzeja Sicińskiego, polskiego socjologa, którego dokonania na temat stylu życia budzą uznanie w świecie nauki. Pomocniczo wykorzystano także niezwykle ważne teorie socjologiczne, a mianowicie funkcjonalizmu strukturalnego i interakcjonizmu symbolicznego. Wyniki. Z analiz prowadzonych w porządku racjonalnym, przy wykorzystaniu wielu danych empirycznych, wynika, że podstawową rolę w renesansie sportu powszechnego społeczeństwa polskiego i przemian w stylu życia Polaków w tym względzie, odegrały dwie podstawowe grupy czynników, wynikających z jednej strony ze zmiany struktury społecznej (wykształcenie, zamożność, struktura zatrudnienia itp.) i z drugiej zmiany charakteru kultury (dominujące idee, wzory zachowań, kontrola społeczna, presja kulturowa itp.). Dyskusja i wnioski. Przedstawione zmiany w sferze kulturowej wywarły bezpośredni lub bardziej pośredni wpływ na zachowania społeczeństwa w dziedzinie aktywności sportowej. Wpływ ten polega niejako na socjalizacyjnym oddziaływaniu kultury na jednostki i zbiorowości oraz orientowaniu ich na internalizację sportowego stylu życia. Akceptacja takiego stylu życia spotyka się z sankcjami pozytywnymi, symbolicznymi nagrodami, natomiast jego odrzucenie naraża jednostki i zbiorowości na sankcje negatywne, symboliczne kary, które często bywają niemniej dokuczliwe niż materialne.
PL
Badania kultury robotniczej w Polsce od lat sześćdziesiątych do późnych osiemdziesiątych XX wieku diagnozowane są w tym artykule jako porażka. Autorka przypomina liczne próby konceptualizacji programów badawczych i konkretne ich realizacje w obszarze socjologii, antropologii i rodzącego się wówczas kulturoznawstwa. Szuka źródeł tej porażki, zastanawia się, na czym ona polegała i co mogło być jej przyczyną. Stawia pytanie: czy niepowodzenia badań nad kulturą robotniczą nie wynikały ze sceptycyzmu samych badaczy, którzy mogli przeoczyć ważne próby manifestacji samoświadomości i aktywnego uczestnictwa robotników, traktując je jako sterowane politycznie, a więc nieautentyczne. Pyta o przyczyny zarówno ideologiczne, jak i metodologiczne – ścieranie się badań ilościowych z orientacją humanistyczną. Proponuje, aby z dystansu czasowego podjąć badania preposteryjne, pozwalające dziś inaczej odczytywać różne robotnicze inicjatywy kulturalne. Być może byłoby to inspirujące dla budowania przeciw-historii kultury robotniczej.
EN
The research on workers’ culture carried out in Poland from the 1960s to the late 1980s has been recognised in this article as a failure. The author discusses the numerous attempts to conceptualise research programmes and their actual implementation in the fields of sociology, anthropology and the emerging cultural studies. She looks for the sources of their failure, reflecting on its nature and possible causes. She asks whether the failure of the research on workers’ culture was not due to the scepticism of the researchers themselves, who might have overlooked important attempts at demonstrating self-awareness and pro-active attitude on the part of the workers, treating them as politically manipulated and therefore inauthentic. She raises the question about both ideological and methodological reasons behind this stance, the latter having to do with a clash between quantitative research and humanistic orientation. She calls for “preposterous” research (as proposed by Mieke Bal) to be undertaken, which would give a different interpretation of the workers’ various cultural initiatives from today’s perspective. Perhaps this would inspire the creation of a counter-history of workers’ culture.
EN
The article presents selected research results on differences in self assessed state of health and the role of social class related psychosocial factors that may be responsible for health inequalities. Among discussed variables are: differences in lifestyles, health care utilization patterns and perceived access to health care and social support network. Their relative value to predict health differences is weighted against the role of social position indicators. The empirical base for considering above issues is the representative study of Warsaw inhabitants conducted in 2004.
PL
W latach dziewięćdziesiątych XX wieku w Polsce obserwowano nasilenie procesów o charakterze strukturalnym. Wraz z pojawieniem się nowych społecznych i ekonomicznych reguł życia zaczęła się wyłaniać klasa średnia. Nowa zbiorowość okazała się kategorią silnie heterogeniczną i niejednorodną. Z owej zbiorowości wyodrębniła się specyficzna kategoria, którą można określić jako nową klasę średnią. Jej obraz jest silnie reprezentowany w polskich mediach, szczególnie w telewizyjnych programach o charakterze kulinarnym. Choć w sensie socjologicznym nowa klasa średnia nie stanowi klasy społecznej, a jest jedynie traktowana jako kategoria deskryptywna, to umożliwia ona opis przemian społecznych i kulturowych. Kultura kulinarna jest przestrzenią, umożliwiającą ukazanie charakterystycznych właściwości i wartości istotnych dla nowej klasy średniej. Programy kulinarne nie traktują o gotowaniu, ale mają rozbudzać ambicje przynależności do tej klasy społecznej. Promują przekaz, że właściwie każdy z telewidzów przy odrobinie wysiłku jest w stanie wieść atrakcyjne życie i przynależeć do owej uprzywilejowanej części polskiego społeczeństwa. Dziedzictwo kulinarne i przemiany kulinarne podobnie jak struktura społeczna ulegają przekształceniom. Kultura kulinarna jest ściśle powiązana z życiem społecznym i kulturowym, a kulinaria stanowią jeden z czynników strukturyzujących.
EN
In the aftermath of 1989 Polish society faced many changes. The first changes were associated with the processes of implementing ready products of the western economy and culture. The implants presented new form of organization of social life. The implants provided designs, new styles of life, Western movies, popular television series, fast food restaurants, supermarkets, malls, Western corporations, and even new occupations and professions. I would like to examine the result of all these changes in Polish society, namely: how all of them changed people’s individual and collective lives and how the City changed under the influence of culinary culture and cooking shows on TV. I am also interested in how nowadays culinary culture is used to promote the values of consumerist society like competition, rivalry, pleasure and entertainment. I would like to present the examples of popular TV series “Cooked” and “The Kitchen Revolutions”. Both of them play very important roles in changing Polish attitudes to cuisine and its meaning in social life. They present the image of the new middle class which can be observed in culinary culture – the culinary television programs.
PL
Esej zawiera krytyczną analizę dwóch publikacji książkowych. Pierwsza koncentruje się na stylach życia i porządku klasowym w Polsce (redaktorzy: M. Gdula, P. Sadura), a druga na nierównościach społecznych obecnych w dyskursie politycznym również w Polsce (autor: W. Woźniak). Obydwie prace potraktowano jako głos młodego pokolenia socjologów w kwestiach struktury społecznej. W stosunku do pierwszej publikacji sformułowano uwagi dotyczące: 1) nieumieszczenia teorii Bourdieu w wystarczająco szerokiej tradycji analiz struktury klasowej i ruchliwości społecznej; 2) przyjęcia uproszczonego schematu struktury klasowej w koncepcji Bourdieu; 3) konfrontowania ogólnych twierdzeń wynikających z teorii Bourdieu bezpośrednio z wypowiedziami badanych bez próby operacjonalizacji ogólnych pojęć zawartych we wspomnianej teorii; 4) braku syntetyzującego podsumowania wskazującego na zasadniczy przekaz całego opracowania. W stosunku do drugiej publikacji zwrócono uwagę na brak bardziej pogłębionej analizy zebranego materiału empirycznego, a w szczególności braku zaprezentowania zasadniczych faz analizy materiału empirycznego zgodnie z wykorzystywanymi programami analizy jakościowej.
EN
The essay contains critical analysis of two publications on lifestyles and class order in Polish society as well as inequalities framed in the political discourse in Poland, the first of them edited by M. Gdula and P. Sadura, the other one authored by A. Woźniak. Both volumes are treated as a voice of young generation of Polish sociologists in the discussion of social stratification. Concerning the first publication the following remarks are made: 1. Bourdieu’s theory has been not framed enough in sociological tradition of class and mobility analyses; 2. Bourdesian class scheme has been perceived in a simplistic way; 3. General statements resulting from Bourdieu’s theory have been directly set against the statements made by individuals under study without an attempt to use any direct indicators of the vague notions included in the said theory; 4. Synthesizing conclusions are lacking. Concerning the second publication two flaws have been observed: 1. Lack of a more sophisticated type of analysis of the gathered data; 2. Lack of presentation of particular stages of qualitative analysis.
PL
Artykuł podejmuje problem relacji między organizacją przestrzeni miejskiej a sposobami życia ujmowanymi poprzez wzory konsumpcji. W społeczeństwie konsumpcyjnym wzory te mogą być definiowane jako indywidualne strategie akumulowania kapitału kulturowego. Odgrywają one zasadniczą rolę w tworzeniu tożsamości osobistej oraz służą podtrzymywaniu i komunikowaniu statusu społecznego. Konsumpcja staje się także motorem miejskiego odrodzenia. System miejski organizuje możliwości oraz dostarcza zasoby do konsumpcji, a w rezultacie – umożliwia realizowanie określonych sposobów życia. W tym ujęciu przestrzeń miejska staje się areną rywalizacji różnych orientacji konsumpcyjnych. Rezultaty badań socjologicznych zrealizowanych we Wrocławiu ujawniły pięć ogólnych kategorii mieszkańców, wyróżnionych na podstawie intensywności i sposobów uczestniczenia w kulturze. Analizy praktyk konsumpcji czasu wolnego pozwoliły zidentyfikować pięć typów miejskich układów (przestrzeni) organizujących i umożliwiających określone formy konsumpcji. Wyniki wskazują, że sposób wytwarzania i organizowania przestrzeni miejskiej faworyzuje określone kategorie mieszkańców: tych, którzy zorientowani są na uczestnictwo w postmodernistycznych, indywidualistycznych i skomercjalizowanych formach kultury.
EN
The article addresses the problem of relations between the organisation of urban space and the ways of life recognised in terms of consumption patterns. In the consumption society, these patterns may be defined as the individual strategies of cultural capital accumulation. They play the pivotal role in personal identity building and serve to maintain and communicate social status. Consumption becomes also a key driving force of urban resurgence. Urban system organises capabilities and provides the resources for consumption, and consequently, for implementation of specific ways of life. In this approach the urban space becomes the arena of competition of different consumer orientations. The results of sociological survey research realised in Wrocław uncovered five general categories of urban residents, distinguished on the basis of intensity and modes of cultural participation. Concomitant analysis of leisure time practices allowed us to identify five types of urban settings which organize and accomodate the specific forms of leisure consumption. The findings suggest that the way of urban space production and organization favours some categories of residents: those who are more oriented towards post-modern, individualistic and commercialized culture.
Kultura i Społeczeństwo
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2019
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vol. 63
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issue 3
109-140
EN
One of the key issues in contemporary urban studies is to consider the city from the perspective of culture and consumption, which are treated as new drivers of urban development and economic prosperity, the essence of urban ways of life, and arenas for the implementation of urban policies. In a consumer society, cities become important nodes where collective and individual consumption takes place on a massive scale. The urban system organizes capabilities and provides the resources for consumption, thus facilitating various kinds of lifestyles. As a result, the urban space operates as an arena of competition, where different consumer orientations and social categories strive physically and symbolically to occupy ground, produce meanings, and create belonging in the spaces and places that constitute the city. In applying Pierre Bourdieu’s concept of a “social field,” the aim of the article is to show how the space of social positions corresponds to the space of cultural practices. Drawing on the study of cultural and leisure activities in Wrocław, four general categories of urban residents are revealed and characterized by their distinct positions in different dimensions of the social space. The analysis also points to social capital (social networks) as an efficient new principle of cultural differentiation. The paper closes with the author’s concluding remarks and guidelines for further research.
EN
The article is an anthropological reconstruction of the microcosm of the Wrocław district called the Bermuda Triangle in the first half of the 1960s. The author describes a specifically small-town community and its space-time identity, largely free from the oppressive media practices of global culture remaining in the shadow of the Catholic type of religiosity. The culture of the Triangle at that time turned out to be a collection of urbanized behaviours as well as a type of slightly archaic, face-to-face private-public discourse, marking the coexistence of original communications placed in the collective field of view and preserved in collective memory. The basic principle organizing the notes of an anthropologist of the (photo)past is the analysis of relics and artefacts.
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