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EN
Time travel is one of the most popular themes in science fiction. Usually it is discussed from a perspective of technological and scientific possibilities for the realization of fantastic visions. Researchers focus on logical paradoxes implied by traveling back in time. The author of this article, inspired by David Wittenberg’s Time Travel: The Popular Philosophy of Narrative, draws attention to metanarrative functions of time travel theme, which becomes a challenge for writers and narrative techniques.
PL
Tekst jest poświęcony wielkoekranowej instalacji "Nothing is missing" holenderskiej teoretyczki Mieke Bal. Cykl zapisów wideo został poświęcony matkom imigrantów z Afryki, Azji i Europy Wschodniej. Realizacja problematyzuje kwestię doświadczenia kulturowej obcości/inności. Pozycje „egzotyzmu” i „intymności” rodzinnego spotkania są tu zapośredniczone, a następnie zniesione – ukazane jako fałszywie zakładane przeciwieństwo. Autorzy artykułu rozpatrują tę realizację zarówno w wymiarze fenomenologicznym, estetycznym, jaki i w kontekście wypowiedzi teoretycznych Mieke Bal poświęconych problematyce reprezentacji etnicznych oraz narratologii poststrukturalistycznej podejmującej wątek „głosu ucieleśnionego”. Wskazują także na inspiracje cyklu wideo czerpane z pism Michaiła Bachtina i Kai Silverman, tworzących kategorie heteroglozji i identyfikacji heteropatycznej na opisanie sytuacji spotkania z Innym.
EN
The article deals with large screen installation 'Nothing is missing' by the Dutch theoretician Mieke Bal. The installation consists of a cycle of videos of immigrant mothers from Africa, Asia and Eastern Europe. The videos problematize the issue of the experience of cultural alienation/otherness. The positions of 'exoticism' and 'intimacy' of family meetings are mediated and then abolished – they are shown to be falsely assumed opposites of the expected. The authors consider this installation in the phenomenological and aesthetic dimensions, and in the context of Mieke Bal’s theoretical assertions dealing with the issue of ethnic representations and post-structuralist narratology with its issue of the 'embodied voice'. They point to the source of inspiration for the video series, that is the writings of Mikhail Bakhtin and Kaja Silverman and the categories of heteroglossia and heteropathic identification created in order to describe the situation of meeting with the Other.
XX
The article investigates the structure of romance and grief narrative included in Bobbie Ann Mason’s “Shiloh,” on the basis of Patrick C. Hogan’s th eory of literary universals and his work on aff ective narratology. Following Hogan, I argue that emotions are deeply embedded in stories and that stories are typically designed so as to manipulate the aff ective responses of their readers. I will focus on the way the story depicts prototypical stages of romance and grief and where it deviates from universal narratives involving concerning grief, separation, attachment, and romantic love, arguing that the aff ective and aesthetic potential of the story lies precisely in where it departs from these prototypical narratives. At the same time, I shall speculate on how discourse organization manipulates the formation of aff ective schemata and empathic alignment in readers.
EN
The author of the article presents the concept of experience and experiencing in the field of Polonistic education. According to the scholar, Hans¬ Georg Gadamer’s philosophical her-meneutics can serve as an inspiring context in research and educational work of a teacher. Gadamer’s hermeneutics has been one of the influential ideas in philosophy and social sci-ences in recent years. The type of experience presented by the philosopher, that is more like a meeting, a talk than only a live stream, and whose task is to activate and rationalize what is primary in the process of common experiencing the world, can be used in school education in many ways.
EN
In the article I analyse different types of reading Henryk Sienkiewicz’s various historical characters at school. The reading of Sienkiewicz’s works is frequently too general and schematic, therefore I suggest an attempt to read this writer with the use of poststructural theories. In this text I am interested in ways of using modern narratology (I appeal to Hayden White) to the analysis of the narration in „Krzyżacy”.
EN
By means of using the topic of sentiment, the contrast between the writing of Milan Kundera and Bohumil Hrabal is shown. All the typically acknowledged characteristics are reversed. Although Kundera is assigned a label of a cynical, unromantic and antisentimental author and Hrabal is often classified as an author of sensitive understanding, it is through the topic of the home that the reversed can be shown. The arguments can be found on the level of écriture: Kundera’s writing is distinctive, semantically detailed and possesses internal focalisation. These characteristics allow him to enter the topic of condemnation, renegation and the polarisation of the alternative between the home and the foreign. Each of the authors proposes a different answer to the question on homelessness: Hrabal uses the figure of cynically accepted homelessness whereas Kundera a suppressed sentiment which emanates with homelessness. 
PL
Posługując się tematyką sentymentu odsłaniamy kontrast między pisarstwem Milana Kundery i Bohumila Hrabala, przy czym odwracamy powszechnie przyjęte charakterystyki. Chociaż Kunderze przyczepia się etykietkę autora cynicznego, nieromantycznego, antysentymentalnego, Hrabal zaś bywa klasyfikowany jako autor wrażliwego zrozumienia, to jednak przez tematykę domu można pokazać, że jest właściwie odwrotnie. Argumenty znajdujemy na poziomie écriture: Pisanie Kundery odznacza się dystynktywnością, znaczeniowym dookreśleniem i specyficzną wewnętrzną fokalizacją. Tymi rysami wpisuje się w tematykę potępienia, renegacji, polaryzacji alternatywy dom – obczyzna. Każdy z autorów proponuje inną odpowiedź na pytanie o tęsknotę za domem: Hrabal stosuje figurę cynicznie akceptowanej bezdomności, podczas gdy u Kundery znajdujemy tłumiony sentyment, z którego wywiera tęsknota za domem.
EN
The article is concerned with an analysis of Václav Havel’s essay The Power of the Powerless from the perspective of narratology and of the Barthean mythology. The persuasive power of the essay derives not only from Havel’s diagnosis of the collective mendacity in the “normalized” Czechoslovakia but above all from the author’s deft use of various literary devices. From this vantage point The Power of the Powerless cannot be considered an accurate mirror of Czecho-slovak society but, instead, a closely knit symbolic field which projects a specific semantic perspective. This paper focuses on the narrative techniques employed by Havel to create such a perspective.
EN
Marie-Claire Blais seeks to innovate, throughout her career, her 'antimimétique' writing. Her extensive pentalogy - Soifs (1995), Dans la foudre et la lumière (2001), Augustino et le choeur de la destruction (2005), Naissance de Rebecca à l’ère des tourments (2008), Mai au bal des prédateurs (2010) – offers a complex existential questioning of the actual situation of the man. The problem of Evil and Good, which is in the heart of questions and answers, is treated with an original narration, transforming Virginia Woolf’s stream of consciousness. This innovation, however, is rooted in the tradition, namely its baroque poetics and its community orientation, both attached to the affirmation / negation of the catholic heritage that marked Quebec.
EN
Although Christopher Nolan’s Memento (2000) has been the subject of numerous critical examinations, the unique manner in which the film’s reverse-chronological dramaturgy interweaves the spectators’ cognitive-analytical attempts to ensure causal-linear coherency together with a corporal-affective sensation of temporal loss remains underexplored. This I believe is due to the inability of prevalent narratological terms of cutting across the current divide and uniting on the same conceptual plane the cinematic spheres of the cognitive-analytical, evaluative, and interpretative, on the one hand, with the visceral, haptic, and sensory-affective, on the other hand. As an attempt to carve out a conceptual ground where these key facets of the cinematic experience can be unified in a nonhierarchical and nonreductive manner, I propose an embodied reconceptualization of the cognitive-formalist concept of the fabula. In order to do so, however, it is necessary to dispute a series of dominant assumptions about cinematic spectatorship and narrative comprehension that automatically come with this narratological concept.
EN
Contemporary Polish children’s historical novel is genre-differentiated. It grows out of a traditional historical, travel-adventure, crime and sensational novel, but it also takes into account fairy-tale storyline structures and fantasy in a broader sense. As shown in the article – the current shape of these stories, rooted in the individual and collective culture of remembrance – is a peculiar combination of various types of narration, both literary biographies and historical “facts,” curiosities from the lives of the rulers, taking genre-hybrid and syncretic forms maintained also in the poetics of postmodern novels, practical tasks or playing with conventions. However, the most important – from the point of view of a child’s audience – is exposed in these stories the world of axiology and the issue of shaping ethical attitudes.
EN
Muschg’s novel "Der Rote Ritter", which the author expressly described as a ‘play’ on Wolfram’s von Eschenbach verse-novel "Parzival". Thus Muschg, in his gigantic, emphatically post-modern novel, not only plays with the traditional medieval subject-matter by amusingly linking past and contemporary, archaic and modern – first and foremost he enhances his depiction of the Parzival story with reflections, which are both witty yet intended to be taken seriously, on narrative and its various possibilities, on reading and the role of the reader, and on the significance of literature in our contemporary world which is dominated by a variety of media.
PL
Artykuł analizuje różnorodne sposoby narracji i instancje narracyjne występujące w powieści Adolfa Muschga "Der Rote Ritter" (Czerwony Rycerz), którą sam autor określił mianem ‘gry’ ze słynnym rycerskim eposem "Parzival" Wolframa von Eschenbach. Bowiem w swym monumentalnym, postmodernistycznym dziele Muschg nie tylko doskonale bawi się średniowiecznym eposem, łącząc w dowcipny sposób przeszłość z teraźniejszością i archaiczność z nowoczesnością, lecz równocześnie wzbogaca swoją wersję historii Parsifala zabawnymi, choć niebłahymi refleksjami na temat narracji i jej wielorakich możliwości, a także na temat czytania i roli czytelnika, czy też ogólnie na temat roli literatury w dzisiejszym świecie, zdominowanym przez różne media.
XX
Indian cities seem particularly prone to investigation through narrative both for the abundance of material about the origins and the development of urban centres from ancient to medieval times—which often contrasts with the relative scarceness of purely ‘historical’ data—and for the tendency to elaborate modern and contemporary “a posteriori narrative- myths” (Aravot 1995) through popular media such as cinema and television. Using methodological tools provided by research on narratives and analysing two case studies with reference to the cities of Ayodhyā and Bengaluru, the present paper investigates the processes and the dynamics by which narrations on cities are made to evolve. It builds on the conceptual frame provided by recent narratological scholarship, with a specific reference to the “increasing recognition of the ubiquity of narrative within any culture, in discursive practices as diverse as theology, historiography, economics, legal practice, political speech-making, everyday conversation and philosophy” (Rigney 1992: 263–264, italics in the original). Focusing on the ‘constructive’ aspect of narrative, seen as a discourse that intrinsically involves the active (and determinant) participation of the narrator, it argues that this perspective of analysis allows the researcher to interpret urban narratives eminently in political terms, or within relations of power—which also legitimizes the use of narrative materials for historical research. In broader terms, it contends that narration can give back structured information about the values and the practices which characterize a given society, and which are selectively communicated by the narrator(s); and that, in turn, this quality of ‘restoring’ structured information may shed more light on the inherent nature of narration itself and lead to further theorization both on its creative dynamics and its created artefacts. Practice of exploration of narration in a context of open communication with other disciplines may undoubtedly facilitate this process.
EN
We present a framework of story beats, defined as microunits of dramatic action, as a tool for the ludonarrative analysis of videogames. First, we explain the Goal - Action - Reaction - Outcome model of the story beat. Then, we present six types of story beats, Action, Interaction, Inaction, Mental, Emotion, and Sensory, providing videogame examples for each category. In the second half of the paper, we contextualise this framework in the classic game studies theory of videogame narrative and player action: unit operations, gamic action, anatomy of choice, and game design patterns, wrapping it up in the most recent trends in cognitive narratology. Ultimately, we present the story beat as a ludonarrative unit, working simultaneously as a ‘unit operation’ in the study of games as systems, and as a microunit of character action in narrative analysis. The conclusion outlines prospective directions for using story beats in formal, experiential, and cultural game research.
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Typy ikonicity

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EN
This essay develops Peirce’s concept of icons and iconicity as well as Jakobson’s concept of the diagram, and considers mainly the possibilities of expressing diagrammatic iconicity in texts – for example, the system of narrative times, the placement of text categories (Ricoeur’s conception of configuration) and the phenomenon of “naturalizing the text” (Jonathan Culler’s term), which enable one to understand a text. The essay, first published in the volume Ré-inventer le réel / Re-inventing the Real: Actes du colloque international (1999), was based on Pier’s papers delivered at the colloquium of the same name, held in Tours, on 26–27 September 1997; it now has a preface by Ondřej Sládek (pp 820-824).
EN
Article concerns problems of „new character” which appears in literature of the end of XX and the beginning of XXI centuries and is rooted in the phenomenon of young „generation of nobody” and show rich psychological portraits of protagonists. Contemporary Polish prose, which is not optimistic anymore, show anthropological sensitivity, is called a literature of initiation, present a young protagonists in a labyrinth of values, whose life seems to be suffering, they are lost in reality, lonely, looking for answers of difficult existential questions, looking for the true, friendship and love. Most significant literary examples which present problems mentioned above and which are rooted in the wide context of ethics – are works of Ewa Przybylska: Dzień kolibra (1997) i Dotyk motyla (2016) and Most na Missisipi (2012) and Barbara Kosmowska: Pozłacana rybka (2007),Sezon na zielone kasztany (2013) and Samotni.pl(2012). Most of these texts could be discussed also in educational perspective.
PL
Hugo Loetscher, jeden z najbardziej znanych i uznanych pisarzy szwajcarskich, był równocześnie autorem niezwykle wszechstronnym. Oprócz powieści, opowiadań, słuchowisk, sztuk teatralnych, esejów o sztuce, literaturze i kulturze zasłynął również jako nadzwyczaj płodny publicysta i autor reportaży z najodleglejszych części świata. Charakterystyczną właściwością jego pisarstwa, nacechowanego zarazem bardzo krytycznym stosunkiem do Szwajcarii, jest próba zrozumienia innych kultur i narodów i spojrzenia na problemy własnego kraju z odległej, ‘obcej’ perspektywy. Takie ‘inne’ spojrzenie na siebie samego i swój kraj cechuje również jego powieści. W artykule opisano charakterystyczne elementy strukturalne narracji szwajcarskiego pisarza, do których zaliczyć należy przede wszystkim niezwykle ważną rolę ściśle określonych pojęć przy jednoczesnym nadawaniu im funkcji wieloznacznych metafor oraz ironię, która wraz ze znaczeniami metaforycznymi zapobiega powstawaniu uproszczonego obrazu świata, dopuszczając różne interpretacje. Jako dzieła otwarte potraktować należy przede wszystkim dwie powieści pisarza o ‘Nietykalnym’: Der Immune (1975) i Die Papiere des Immunen (1986). Są to powieś ci składające się z wielu różnorodnych tematycznie i stylistycznie tekstów, czerpią ce równocześnie – jak zresztą większość utworów Loetschera – z bogactwa znaczeń intertekstualnych i opisujące różne możliwości bycia człowiekiem. Artykuł skupia się na analizie strukturalnej tych właśnie powieści, należących niewątpliwie do najważniejszych utworów współczesnej prozy niemieckojęzycznej.
EN
The paper focuses on the representation of memory by Christa Wolf. She is an author, who’s particularly interested in writing about memories and memorizing. In its first part the paper shows the main theories about memory and memorizing as a process. To show the process of memorizing Wolf chooses narrative methods like: changing narrators, dual and polyphonic voice, unreliable narration.
EN
Hans Fallada’s novel Kleiner Mann, großer Mann (1941) is in principle regarded as a trivial novel and it is for this reason that it has very seldom aroused interest among the literati. Yet, Fallada himself at one time called his texts written in the Nazi Germany a kind of entertaining or popular literature. However, with the careful analysis of Kleiner Mann, großer Mann one should state that the novel about the offcial Max Schreyvogel, at least with respect to the narration, does not come under the criterion of triviality. The somewhat trashy story (histoire albo narrative) is being told with the new objective (new objectivity), realistic means (discourse) which are in cotrast to the banality of the main topic.
PL
Artykuł jest recenzją książki Barbary Szczekały pt. Mind-game films. Gry z narracją i widzem (2019). Książka kładzie nacisk na komplikacje i zawiłości narracyjne filmów gier umysłowych. Zadaniem odbiorcy byłoby te zawiłości zrozumieć, z rozsypanych puzzli ułożyć spójny obrazek, zagadki i tajemnice wyjaśnić. Odbiór ma charakter racjonalny, jego opis jest ujęty w ramę psychologii poznawczej. Przeciwstawiony jest mu drugi typ odbioru (autorka książki za nim optuje), wedle którego odbiorcy filmów gier umysłowych szukają w nich przede wszystkim ucieleśnionych emocji. Szczekała charakteryzuje bliżej trzy rodzaje takich emocji, które nazywa terrorem identyfikacji, ekscesem nagromadzenia oraz dyskomfortem poznawczym. Choć są to doznania nieprzyjemne, zdaniem autorki to właśnie one przyciągają widza do tego typu kina.
EN
The paper is a review of a book by Barbara Szczekała entitled Mind-game films. Gry z narracją i widzem [Mind-game Films: Games with Narrative and Spectator] (2019). The subject of the book is the current of “mind game films”, and the book is particularly concerned with the issue of the viewer’s reception of such films. Two modes of reception are confronted with each other. In the first one the emphasis is put on the complexity of mind-game films. The viewer’s task would be to straighten up this complexity, to complete a puzzle, to answer the riddles and solve mysteries. The reception is rational in nature, and the whole issue is put in the framework of cognitive psychology. This mode is juxtaposed to another one (the author opts for it), according to which the admirers of such films strive especially for embodied affects. Three such affects are described in detail: terror of identification, excess of accumulation and cognitive discomfort. Although these affects are rather unpleasant, the author insists that they attract the viewer to this kind of cinema.
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EN
Czech literary fund is plentiful in testimonies about the Russian Revolution. In many cases, these literary works have been written by direct participants (or, at the very least, witnesses) of events in revolutionary Russia. One of these participants was Josef Kopta (1894–1962), a writer that joined the Czechoslovak Legion in Russia. His novel, The Third Company (1924), has enjoyed a widespread publicity, as evidenced by the sheer amount of editions published. Based on this, we can presume that Kopta’s work has influenced the very discourse of understanding the Russian Revolution in inter- war Czechoslovakia and its society and, mainly, solidified the collective memory of members of the Legion. Using latest narratological approaches, this study aims to demonstrate the possibilities of analysing narrative texts from or about the Legions, the focus of this study being the depiction of the Russian Revolution as understood by characters and the narrator of Kopta’s novel. Furthermore, this study also hopes to draw attention to the numerous unexplored eye-witness testimonies about the events in revolutionary Russia present in Czech literary works.
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