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EN
Introduction: The first organ transplant was carried out by the team of Dr. Joseph Murray. In Poland, the team led by Zbigniew Religa carried out the first heart transplantation on November 5,1982. Materials and methods: The study was conducted among students of Public Health Faculty of Health Sciences at the Medical University of Warsaw (MUW) and the Faculty of Health Science at the Medical University of Bialystok (MUB) among students of three years of bachelor’s degree and two years of master’s degree. Test method was a diagnostic survey. We used a questionnaire compiled by the authors of the publication, containing 21 questions, and in five of them the 5- degree Likert’s scale was used. Results: When asked about promoting the procurement and transplantation of organs from the deceased 74.3% of students from both universities answered definitely yes, 22.2% - rather yes. When asked if in the event of death they would agree to be a donor 64.2% said definitely yes, 26.3% - rather yes, 8.7% - hard to say. 48.5% of respondents from MUW and 42.4% from MUB spoke to their relatives about their decision whether or not to remove organs after death. Conclusions: The analysis of the study shows high acceptability of transplantation medicine in terms of saving lives, however, the desire to donate one’s own organs after death or acceptance of organ donation after death of loved ones is far from the overall acceptability
EN
Social and political transformations inevitably cause changes in people’s mindsets and result in conversion of a national educational system. Ukraine, as a post soviet country, is still trying to put away its totalitarian past and adopt the latest human rights policies that have been successfully functioning in the “developed” world for several decades. This study evaluates the quality of inclusive education in Ukraine, specifically focusing on services provided to families of students with disabilities whose views and opinions are often neglected by governmental officials responsible for creating inclusive environments.
EN
The article encourages reflection on the role of Polish language education in the face of contemporary challenges. One of them is the expansion of populism (e.g. in politics, in the media, in the way of thinking about education) and the accompanying disinformation campaigns, propaganda or replacing information analysis with emotional opinions. We are also in Poland witnessing this disturbing process, which threatens the foundations of democracy. That is why teaching a critical attitude towards theses expressed in public discourse is so important. The article shows how access to reliable information can contribute to forming such an attitude. The author also suggests that the interpretation of modern children’s literature may be used to expose populist lies, harmful simplifications, and manipulation of facts; it can also successfully support the development of mature civic awareness even among very young students. The point of reference in this case is the problem of attitude towards refugees.
EN
The article is an attempt to refl ect on how to implement psychological and pedagogical assistance at school from the perspective of diffi culties and challenges that teachers, school educators, other specialists and students may e ncounter during organized assistance. The aim of the article is to show how working with documents translates into actual activities and work with children. In the introduction, the author refers to the theoretical foundations related to the implementation of psychological and pedagogical assistance, then referring to the subject literature, to the analysis of research results and reports as well as to her own experience, attempts to reconstruct system and relational challenges in the implementation of psychological and pedagogical assistance at school. Conclusions and recommendations refer to system changes and communication theory. The summary refers to the basic assumptions of the teacher’s work, which set the way of thinking about the student as a full-fl edged subject in the relationship in the educational process.
EN
A change in the form and way of life for persons with intellectual disability, which increases its quality (from a subjective and an objective point of view), entails systematic prolongation of this population’s survival. Designing specific solutions supporting the elderly or preparing them for a favourable ageing process must be preceded by a thorough investigation of these individuals’ needs. The following paper presents results of a study conducted with adult respondents with intellectual disability. Research problems included collecting data on (1) the knowledge and opinions of adults with intellectual disability about old age and ageing in the context of their personal experience with elderly people; (2) their ideas about their own future in the context of old age, including their preferred place and form of existence or activity.
EN
The article raises the issue of pregnancy as a special state not only in woman’s life, but also in life of people closest to her. Several opinions and advices regarding the “blessed state” (Polish expression for “a delicate state”) as seen by the population of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 18th century were quoted and discussed.
PL
This article focuses on how children with special educational needs, psychological and pedagogical opinions and advice and guidance on how to work with them, and their parents are coping in a distance learning situation. Four research problems have been formulated, i.e., What changes do parents notice in the child’s motivation to learn during distance learning education? What limitations and difficulties arise with distance learning education? What are the attitudes of children during distance learning in the opinions of their parents? Do parents notice any progress in their children’s learning during distance learning education? For research on the key methods used and interview technique. The research was conducted on the basis of the opinions of parents, who during distance learning education were stronglyinvolved in the educational processes of their children, and often took on the role of a teacher. Self-study for children is limited by the challenge, cannot be met, and remote learning evokes great emotions in them. In the opinion of parents, distance learning education tools are not conducive to the focus of attention on the part of their children.
EN
The aim of this research was to investigate the views on euthanasia expressed by followers of various religions. Material and methods: It was a qualitative, comparative study conducted in the period between February and March 2016. The respondents were representatives of three religions – Catholicism, Judaism and Islam. The method used was a categorised interview. Results: Generally, the respondents express the opinion that euthanasia is not a good solution and negate it. They consider euthanasia to be a form of murder, manslaughter or suicide. They refuse people the right to decide about the time of their own death, as well as that of their relatives. Nevertheless, the respondents following Islam and Judaism accept euthanasia in some specific circumstances. Those attitudes correspond to the assumptions of their religions. Conclusions: The respondents representing different religions express general opposition to the idea of euthanasia. Thus, one can conclude that the respondents’ values stem not only from their faiths but also from other ideas of humanitarianism. Euthanasia and death constitute issues that will probably never be fully grasped by the human mind, but nursing staff should be prepared for different questions asked by patients staying in terminal care, palliative care and end-of-life care units.
PL
Celem badań było poznanie opinii respondentów będących wyznawcami różnych religii na temat eutanazji. Materiał i metody: Były to badania jakościowe, porównawcze prowadzone w lutym – marcu 2016 roku. Respondentami byli przedstawiciele trzech religii – katolicyzmu, judaizmu i islamu. Badanie przeprowadzone zostało za pomocą wywiadu skategoryzowanego Wyniki: Wypowiedzi respondentów wskazują, że eutanazja nie jest zjawiskiem dobrym, negują ją. Podkreślają, że eutanazja to morderstwo, zabójstwo i rodzaj samobójstwa. Nie dają prawa decydowania o wyborze czasu śmierci własnej i najbliższych choć u respondentów będących wyznawcami Islamu i Judaizmu występują kwestie dopuszczenia do wykonania eutanazji w określonych okolicznościach. Postawy te są zbieżne z ich religiami. Wnioski: Badani przedstawicieli różnych religii wyrażają ogólny sprzeciw w zakresie zgody na eutanazję. Można więc przyjąć ostrożną sugestię, iż respondenci wyznawane wartości wywodzą nie tylko ze źródeł swojej wiary, ale także innych, np. idei humanitaryzmu. Eutanazja, śmierć są tematami, których pewnie nigdy człowiek nie zgłębi, ale personel pielęgniarski powinien być przygotowany na różnorodne pytania, które padają w opiece terminalnej, opiece paliatywnej, opiece u schyłku życia, po to, aby lepiej sprawować opiekę nad tą grupą pacjentów.
EN
This text presents the survey carried out among parents on the issue of speech development in their children raised in the environment of Polish–Swedish bilingualism in Sweden and convictions about the role of a speech-language pathologist in bilingual upbringing. The aim of this study is to fill the gap in speech-language pathology research on the parental perception of bilingualism in their children. Thematic analysis, a method applied in speech-language pathology abroad, was employed to obtain the results. The selected themes and the accompanying notions were characterised by diversity and multi-sidedness, which permits the conclusion on the holistic need to consider the subject of Polish–Swedish bilingualism in children.
EN
Purpose of the study was to identify and diagnosis of opinions, preferences, behaviors and expectations of the citizens of cities with respect to agritourism. Surveys were conducted in March and April 2014 on a sample of 573 adult city dwellers. About 45,5% of the respondents were not interested in leisure in the countryside. The remaining part had a more positive attitude to this form of tourism – 3/4 of them were on a tourist farm, the others were planning the first trip of this type. As reasons for choosing this form of tourism was pointed chance to relax in peace and quiet, health-promoting natural values of rural areas, the desire to change the current method of relaxation and competitive price. While choosing a particular farm respondents took into account value for money and the convenience of driving directions. Information on farms searched on the internet and among friends. Tourists manifested great interest in active forms of leisure. A large part of them willingly met by rural cultural sphere. Recognizing behaviors, expectations and preferences of the main group of clients agritourism farms - city dwellers, should contribute to the improvement of the offer and dynamise development of this form of tourism.
EN
Purpose of the study was to identify and diagnosis of opinions, preferences, behaviors and expectations of the citizens of cities with respect to agritourism. Surveys were conducted in March and April 2014 on a sample of 573 adult city dwellers. About 45,5% of the respondents were not interested in leisure in the countryside. The remaining part had a more positive attitude to this form of tourism – 3/4 of them were on a tourist farm, the others were planning the first trip of this type. As reasons for choosing this form of tourism was pointed chance to relax in peace and quiet, health-promoting natural values of rural areas, the desire to change the current method of relaxation and competitive price. While choosing a particular farm respondents took into account value for money and the convenience of driving directions. Information on farms searched on the internet and among friends. Tourists manifested great interest in active forms of leisure. A large part of them willingly met by rural cultural sphere. Recognizing behaviors, expectations and preferences of the main group of clients agritourism farms - city dwellers, should contribute to the improvement of the offer and dynamise development of this form of tourism.
EN
Over the recent dozen years, there have been attempts in the criminal procedure doctrine at considerably re-formulating the airns of proceedings. It has been noticed, among other things, that the criminal process should not only tulfil substantive law. It has other aims as well that are just as important, including first and foremost liquidation of the specific “conflict” resulting from perpetration of an offence. This led to formulation of “post-classical” theories of the criminal process, stressing the consensual forms of conflict resolution that have been known since the birth of societies. Criticized was the assumption that the process seen as an instrument for fulfilling substantive law is in all cases the best form of conflict resolution and the best manner of legitimizing decisions of the agencies that apply the law (N. Luhmann, L. Morawski, T. Weigend, S. Waltoś). Consensual phenomena naturally arouse interest; they have become the topic of discussions. The real reason of such discussions is, among other things, a growing awareness of the poor efficiency of criminal justice: the disproportion of the means that can be used to fight crime to the actual needs in this respect. Already early in the nineties, the findings of a survey carried out within the Adam Mickiewicz University (A.J. Szwarc, J. Sobczak) demonstrated that agreements are alien to the Polish practice. The practice's opinion on that phenomenon varied in the survey: parallel to criticism, serious arguments were voiced for a broader use of agreements. This demonstrated the need for continued scientific discussion of the issue. The initial stage of that discussion was recapitulated at a conference held in June 1992 in Poznań. The conference provided the opportunity for the first direct confrontation of doctrine’s views. Several years later, a survey into formal and informal agreements was carried out within the Criminal Procedure Department of Jagellonian University (A. Światłowski). That survey also confirmed the existence in ptactice of a great variety of agreements, and the practice’s views proved just as diversified. The survey inquired about: 1) the actual extent of agreements, or at least that declared by the circles involved; 2) the appraisal of agreements by some of the legal professions; 3) the possible postulates de lege ferenda voiced on the eve of introduction of new codification, especially with respect to the future formalization of some forms of adjustments made in the criminal process, and to suggested new regulations. The survey was divided into three parts: a pilot survey, interviews, and a mail questionnaire. Upon completion of the pilot survey, the stage of interviews started. Interviewed were judges of common courts and prosecutors public prosecutor’s offices, three from each unit selected for the sample. To secure a possibly even distribution of units, the country was conventionally divided into four areas. Within each area, one court of appeal, one provincial court, and two district courts were selected: one of them operating in a big city in an urbanized area, and the other one – in a smaller locality in a rural neighborhood. A similar procedure was applied to select l2 prosecutor’s offices (one provincial and two district ones in each area). Thus the planned sample to be included in the interview survey was to include 28 units, that is up to 84 persons. Foreseeable difficulties considered, such as refusals to be interviewed or a probable situation where as many as three judges deciding in criminal cases would not be present at the same time in one court, it was assumed that about 50 persons would be interviewed (the actual number was to prove bigger: 62). Besides, selected for the mail questionnaire were 4 courts of appeal as well as 48 each of provincial and district courts and prosecutor’s offices, that is the total of 100 units. Of the 300 mailed questionnaires, 141 (47%) were sent back. The questionnaire was anonymous. The findings have been discussed in the present paper. It has to be stressed that about a half of respondents considered informal and para-formal agreements possible. As regards the incidents of such phenomena, 63 respondents of the mail questionnaire never encountered the informal and para-formal agreements; instead, 75 (53.2%) had to do with them at least once. Characteristically, none of them chose the answer, “very often”. Among the interviewed persons, 29 (46.8%) had to do with agreements, while 33 (53.2%) never encountered that phenomenon. A great variety of answers were given to the question about the stage of proceedings at which agreements are made. Mentioned here were agreemets in preparatory proceedings (and even before the institution or that proceedings),  in proceedings before the 1st  instance cort, and also in the appellate proceedings. Almost all respondents who declared knowledge of the practice of agreements mentioned the sentence as the basic and standard subject of agreement. Of course, also adjustments in purely technical matters were mentioned here. What seems to have been the most typical phenomenon under the former code of criminal procedure was an agreement under which, most generally speaking, the defendant admitted his guilt and did not “obstruct” his conviction in return for a more lenient treatment. Mentioned most often (by 34, that is 44.7% of respondents) as the typical initiator of criminal procedure agreement was the counsel for the defense. As regards the categories of cases in which agreements were made, mentioned were socalled “family cases”, that is abuse and failure to pay maintenance, as well as petty thefts, sometimes combined with compelling a specific conduct or with destruction of property. The fact considered that the number of respondents declaring frequent contacts with agreements was not big, more attention has been devoted in the paper to the statements of those persons, and an attempt has been made at formulating conclusions as to the features of agreements made at the time of the survey. To end with, respondents were offered the opportunity to make suggestions as to formalization of agreements in the new codification that was about to be introduced at the time of the survey. The most frequent postulates no doubt concurred with the subsequently introduced new institutions, especially with the new institution provided for in Article 387 of the code of criminal procedure.
EN
Background. As a result of globalisation and Poland’s joining the European Union, more and more foreigners are coming to Poland to work, as tourists and for other purposes, sometimes settling in Poland. They also use the Polish health care system during their stays in Poland. Poles usually complain about their health care system, but there is a lack of foreigners’ opinions. Our detailed on-line survey in English for foreigners living in Poland will help to better describe their satisfaction with the Polish health care system, as well as their opinions and comments, which will help to improve the system in the future.
PL
Wstęp. W wyniku globalizacji i przystąpienia Polski do Unii Europejskiej coraz więcej obcokrajowców przyjeżdża do pracy do Polski, w celach turystycznych lub innych, czasami osiedlając się tutaj na stałe. Oni korzystają również z usług polskiego systemu ochrony zdrowia podczas swojego pobytu w Polsce. Polacy często narzekają na system ochrony zdrowia, ale brakuje opinii obcokrajowców. Nasza szczegółowa ankieta w języku angielskim skierowana do obcokrajowców żyjących w Polsce pozwoli ocenić ich satysfakcję z polskiego system ochrony zdrowia, jak również poznać ich opinie i komentarze oraz pozwoli ulepszyć system w przyszłości.
Prawo
|
2019
|
issue 327
155-173
EN
Regional Accounting Chambers, established in 1992 and operating since 1993, are a supervisory body that serve as a regulator of local government units with regard to financial matters. Over the 25-year period, the scope of the Chamber’s duties and tasks has been continuously expanded. This fact has significantly affected the legal status of the Board of the Chamber, which is the only body managed by the Chairman of the Chamber. The legal status of the Board of the Chamber is defined by formal statutory requirements set for candidates aspiring to be members of the Board, the competition procedure in force and the fact that they are appointed by the Prime Minister at the request of the Chamber’s Chairman. Members of the Chamber’s Board enjoy legal protection as public officers when it comes to the tasks executed, though they are independent with regard to supervisory and control functions. The abovementioned statutory privileges should affect positively the judicial and consultative practice of the Boards of Regional Accounting Chambers.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono kwestię zakresu obowiązku przedkładania do opiniowania przez związki zawodowe założeń albo projektów aktów prawnych organów gminy. Przepisy te są zbudowane w dużej mierze z wyrażeń niedookreślonych. Autor stawia pytanie o celowość użytych przez ustawodawcę sformułowań, mając na uwadze pojawiające się w doktrynie i orzecznictwie kontrowersje odnośnie do ich wykładni. W wyniku postawionych tez wysuwa również postulaty de lege ferenda.
EN
The article discusses the scope of the obligation to submit assumptions to or drafts of legal acts of commune authorities for the opinion of trade unions. These provisions are built largely from terms that are not specified. The author questions the desirability of the wording used by the legislator, bearing in mind the controversies connected with its interpretation that appear in the doctrine and jurisprudence. As a result of theses raised, the de lege ferenda proposals are presented.
PL
The book discusses the attitude of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth nobility to the Cossack problem in the second half of the 17th century. The chronological framework of the work is the period between the outbreak of the Khmelnytsky uprising up to the ratification of the Hadiach union by the sejm of the Commonwealth. The choice of this period made it possible to thoroughly analyze one of the key research subjects of the work, i.e. the evolution of views and attitudes among the nobility regarding the Cossack issue, and the factors affecting this process In the beginning of the book, I mostly concentrate on the determination of the nobility’s views concerning the motives for Cossacks’ armed revolt against the Commonwealth, which substantially affected the evaluation of the character of the uprising. Chapter two presents the main projects of solving the Cossack problem promoted by the contemporary Commonwealth authorities. Chapter three includes a discussion on the nobility’s attitude to the Cossack problem in the 1650–1654 period. Chapter four presents the circumstances which led to the Union of Hadiach, and opinions on that union prevalent among the nobility. It also discusses the main problems connected with the ratification of ghat agreement at the 1659 sejm.
EN
The article discusses the issue of sexuality, which has changed to a large extent through the development of modern technologies, especially as far as young people are concerned. The popularisation of the Internet and mobile telephony has encouraged more people to share private and even intimate photos or videos with an unlimited number of recipients. The author introduces a report from an empirical survey, aimed at examining the opinions of young women and men concerning sexuality and sexting.
PL
Artykuł porusza problem seksualności, do której podejście, zwłaszcza młodych ludzi, zmieniło się w dużej mierze dzięki rozwojowi nowoczesnych technologii. Upowszechnienie Internetu i telefonii komórkowej przyczyniło się do coraz swobodniejszego udostępniania prywatnych, a nawet intymnych, zdjęć czy filmów nieograniczonej liczbie odbiorców. W artykule przybliżono analizę wyników badań własnych, mających na celu zbadanie opinii młodych kobiet i mężczyzn dotyczących seksualności, a przede wszystkim sekstingu. Przedstawiono również najważniejsze wnioski.
Kultura i Wychowanie
|
2022
|
vol. 21
|
issue 1
57-76
EN
The family, for most people, is synonymous with warmth, love, safety and is highly valued. The family is one of the oldest human communities and appears in all recognized types of societies and cultures. The family is a basic element of society and its quality impacts on society and on the personal fate of an individual. In the family, an individual experiences the most meaningful period in which her/his lifestyle, system of preferred values and worldview are shaped. An important feature of postmodernity is the great development of technology. It is easy to observe that it influences the standard of our lives. The faster the development of technology, the higher the level of modernity. Therefore, the question arises: how far will the process influence families and life in families? Will families become more modern only as far as material security is concerned or will the atmosphere of family life change as well? What will survive in homes that quickly become automated, computerized, equipped with computer networks? What will happen to traditional values derived from families? And finally, what vision of the family do children from wealthy families have?
PL
Rodzina – synonim ciepła, miłości, bezpieczeństwa dla większości ludzi jest wartością o najwyższej randze. Rodzina, to jedna z najstarszych wspólnot ludzkich występująca we wszystkich znanych w historii typach społeczeństw i kultur. Rodzina jest podstawową komórką organizmu społecznego, od jej jakości zależy wartość społeczeństwa, a także osobisty los jednostki. W rodzinie człowiek przeżywa najważniejszy okres, w którym kształtuje się jego styl życia, system preferowanych wartości i pogląd na świat. Znaczącą cechą epoki ponowoczesnej jest wielki rozwój technologii. Nietrudno zauważyć, że to ona wpływa na standard naszego życia. Im bardziej zawrotne tempo rozwoju technologii, tym wyższy poziom nowoczesności. Stąd też pojawiają się pytania: Jak dalece proces ten zmieni nasze domy, życie w naszych rodzinach? Czy staną się tylko bardziej nowoczesne w sensie zabezpieczenia materialnego, czy też zmieni się klimat życia rodzinnego? Co przetrwa w naszych domach – zautomatyzowanych, skomputeryzowanych, zaopatrzonych w sieci komputerowe? Co stanie się z tradycyjnymi wartościami wyniesionymi z rodzin pochodzenia? A jaką wizję swojej rodziny mają dzieci z rodzin zamożnych?
EN
The article presents research results on the possibility of using ICTs in a speech therapist’s practice. The results of the study show that students have changed their view of the place of ICTs in speech therapy. The COVID-19 pandemic has changed their attitudes towards ICTs. For them, this crisis has become an opportunity for the development of their own skills to use ICTs in their future professional work.
EN
The subject of this article is a study report on parents' views about the common upbringing and education of children with disabilities with their contemporary. Surveyed respondents were parents of children which are learning at various educational levels. Respondents are citizen of Siedlce, which is considered an example of full integration at all stages of education (from kindergarten to university). The point of departure of this study was to argue that the family environment, as the first and most important in a child's life, is the beginning of the development of attitudes. Is important to know the views, attitudes and opinions of people with disabilities have parents. The aim of the inclusion is not only the systemic inclusion of people excluded into the social environment, but full integration. While normative, certain aspects can be regulated and verified through their various functions, the most difficult are changes in the mentality of another person. The value of this study is undoubtedly the fact that parental voices - their views on the practical application of inclusions allow for a realistic view of the inclusion activities.
PL
Przedmiotem rozważań niniejszego artykułu jest raport z badań pilotażowych dotyczących opinii rodziców na temat wspólnego wychowania i edukacji dzieci niepełnosprawnych z ich pełnosprawnymi rówieśnikami. Badaniami ankietowanymi zostali objęci rodzice dzieci uczących się na różnych poziomach edukacyjnych zamieszkujący w mieście Siedlce, które uważane jest za przykład w obszarze kształcenia integracyjnego na wszystkich etapach kształcenia (od przedszkola aż po uniwersytet). Punktem wyjścia niniejszych badań było postawienie tezy, iż środowisko rodzinne, jako pierwsze i najważniejsze w życiu dziecka, jest zaczątkiem kształtowania się postaw, wobec tego istotne jest, jaką wiedzę, jakie poglądy, nastawienia i opinie wobec osób z niepełnosprawnością posiadają rodzice. Celem inkluzji jest bowiem nie tylko systemowe włączenie osób wykluczonych do środowiska społecznego, ale pełna integracja. O ile normatywnie, pewne aspekty można uregulować i za pomocą różnych kontroli weryfikować ich funkcjonowanie, o tyle najtrudniejsze są zmiany w mentalności drugiego człowieka. Wartością niniejszych badań jest niewątpliwie fakt oddania głosu rodzicom – ich opinie na temat praktycznego zastosowania inkluzji pozwalają na przedstawienie realnego obrazu prowadzonych czynności włączających.
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