Search results

1

The teaching of pragmatics by native and nonnative language teachers: What they know and what they report doing

100%

Cohen A. D.

Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching

|

2016

|

vol. 6

|

issue 4

561-585

EN

The paper focuses on how nonnative teachers of a target language (NNTs) deal with pragmatics in their classes. It starts with a discussion of what pragmatics entails. Next, issues relating to the teaching of pragmatics are identified, such as the language background of the teacher, comparisons between second- (L2) and foreign-language (FL) instruction, and the potential role of digital media and other means in providing models for pragmatic behavior. Then, an international survey is presented which probed into the experiences of NNTs of various languages while teaching the pragmatics of their language of instruction. A total of 113 teachers were asked to indicate what they taught with regard to pragmatics, 30 native-language teachers (NTs) and 83 NNTs. They were also asked to report on their experience as teachers of L2 and FL pragmatics (e.g., if they encountered classroom moments when they did not feel like an authority on some aspect of pragmatics, what they did about it). Since pragmatics is a meeting of language and culture, the teacher respondents were asked to assess their knowledge regarding pragmalinguistics (i.e., the language forms) and sociopragmatics (sociocultural knowledge). In addition, they were asked to give their opinion regarding similarities and differences between the teaching of FL as opposed to L2 pragmatics, as this traditional dichotomy gives way to a more hybrid reality in an increasingly globalized world. Similarly, they were asked about their methods for teaching pragmatics (e.g., their use of digital media and their handling of dialect differences). Finally, they were asked to suggest areas in which they would like to see research conducted that would inform the teaching of pragmatics. The paper reports the findings from the study, including statistical differences in reported teaching of criticism, sarcasm, and cursing, as well as in the use of digital media and in having students gather data on pragmatics.

2

Emotionsausdruck: Kontextspezifische und situativbedingte Zuschreibungen von negativen Eigenschaften in einigen Zeitungsartikeln der ADZ für Rumänien: Dragnea & Co und das Prekariat

100%

Dănilă A.

Linguistische Treffen in Wrocław

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2021

|

issue 19

19-36

EN

In the media public discourse linguistic structures are chosen and used in order to express one’s own attitude towards events in society and to highlight certain emotions such as indignation, anger and dissatisfaction. The present paper analyses journalistic texts published in the column Meinung und Bericht of the newspaper „ADZ für Rumänien“ which contain a negative attitude towards the political situation in Romania. For this reason, the paper takes into consideration the pejorative depiction of the sociological category precariat and of the Romanian governing party PSD (social democratic party). The linguistic forms and structures used in the articles have an emotional content and express emotions of discontent and anger. The linguistic data are analyzed at lexical, morpho-syntactical and pragmatic level. The authoress takes the theoretical stance of pragma linguistics, speech theory and emotionality in assessing language facts.

3

The teaching of pragmatics by native and nonnative language teachers: What they know and what they report doing

100%

Cohen A. D.

Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching

|

2016

|

vol. 6

|

issue 4

561-585

EN

The paper focuses on how nonnative teachers of a target language (NNTs) deal with pragmatics in their classes. It starts with a discussion of what pragmatics entails. Next, issues relating to the teaching of pragmatics are identified, such as the language background of the teacher, comparisons between second- (L2) and foreign-language (FL) instruction, and the potential role of digital media and other means in providing models for pragmatic behavior. Then, an international survey is presented which probed into the experiences of NNTs of various languages while teaching the pragmatics of their language of instruction. A total of 113 teachers were asked to indicate what they taught with regard to pragmatics, 30 native-language teachers (NTs) and 83 NNTs. They were also asked to report on their experience as teachers of L2 and FL pragmatics (e.g., if they encountered classroom moments when they did not feel like an authority on some aspect of pragmatics, what they did about it). Since pragmatics is a meeting of language and culture, the teacher respondents were asked to assess their knowledge regarding pragmalinguistics (i.e., the language forms) and sociopragmatics (sociocultural knowledge). In addition, they were asked to give their opinion regarding similarities and differences between the teaching of FL as opposed to L2 pragmatics, as this traditional dichotomy gives way to a more hybrid reality in an increasingly globalized world. Similarly, they were asked about their methods for teaching pragmatics (e.g., their use of digital media and their handling of dialect differences). Finally, they were asked to suggest areas in which they would like to see research conducted that would inform the teaching of pragmatics. The paper reports the findings from the study, including statistical differences in reported teaching of criticism, sarcasm, and cursing, as well as in the use of digital media and in having students gather data on pragmatics.

4

Semantyka i struktura językowych formuł gestycznych w kontaktach familijnych schyłku XIX stulecia (na podstawie korespondencji rodzinnej Pawlikowskich)

88%

OLMA M.

Stylistyka

|

2014

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vol. 23

283-298

EN

The paper is based on marital and family letters; the author analyses them using pragmalinguistic and cultural linguistic methods. The article focuses on the phrases which copy or replace the gestures people make during face-to-face communication. The analysed expressions inform mainly about kissing, blessing, and the need of physical closeness. They are used to maintain emotional bond between the distanced family members. Relating to other sets of correspondence from the past, the phrases used by the Pawlikowscy are characterized by freshness and originality; they testify to the creativity of the authors, drawing from the morphological and lexical resources of the 19th century Polish language.

5

Funkcje wybranych typów derywatów w polszczyźnie familijnej XIX stulecia (na podstawie korespondencji małżeńskiej Zofii Kraszewskiej)

88%

OLMA M., OLMA M.

Stylistyka

|

2009

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vol. 18

287-299

PL

The paper prepared on the basis of 842 hand-written letters of Zofia Kraszewska to her husband Józef Ignacy, is the author’s next publication of 19th century epistolography.Cosidering the specific features of family letters the author starts from the theory of literaturę, pragmatics and sociolinguistics, which describes variant of language in different social groups.Then he presents some types of derivatives used by Kraszewska to show to the addres- see the situation context of writing, to express her permanent sensitives and temporary affections, as well as to fortify the pragmatic impact of particular letters. They are the equivalent of conversation and should compensate the lack of face-to face contact bet- ween the wife and her lamous husband.

6

Actual problems of contrastive grammar in the focus of pragmalinguistics

88%

Kovtun O.

Studia Rossica Posnaniensia

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2022

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vol. 47

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issue 2

181-196

EN

The term contrastive grammar is still ambiguous. In this paper we trace the unjustified synonymy of terms (confrontative grammar, comparative grammar, contrastive grammar) which lead to controversy among linguists and we attempt to introduce appropriate clarifications to explain the phenomenon. We can state that this linguistic direction is quite new, and its metalanguage is still in the process of development and formation. When studying contrastive grammar in the modern scientific functional-communicative paradigm, the focus of attention is directed to the issues of pragmalinguistics, that is the research, in addition to the actual meanings, of the semantics of linguistic units for designating objects of the environment, also the speech-thinking activity of speakers who use these units and listeners who interpret them; the possible situations of their application; the study of “language in context”; language research, taking into account the goal that is planned to be achieved in the communication process; the wide multidimensionality of the interpretation of the statement; the study of interactive means, taking into account grammatical meanings. The main category of pragmalinguistics is the category of evaluation, and therefore, the issue of contrastive grammar and contrastive description of languages is important to consider in the focus of the paradigm of the category of evaluation; in particular, this concerns the manifestation of each grammatical category.

7

Expression du désaccord dans la controverse scientifique

88%

Schneider-Mizony O., Schneider-Mizony O.

Kwartalnik Neofilologiczny

|

2020

|

issue 4

8

Auch das Beschimpfen ist eine Art, miteinander zu reden

88%

Sadziński W.

Linguistische Treffen in Wrocław

|

2019

|

issue 16

161-176

EN

Emotions are an indispensable part of human life, and consequently of speech. On the other hand, they are put under pressure by the culture – not least by the good nursery – so that, politely, one does not always express directly what is important to one‘s heart. Goethe summed it up in Faust II as follows: “In German you lie when you are polite” (see also Szczęk 2012). Sometimes, however, one is forced to let the emotion run wild. This is exemplified in the article on Günter Grass’ Hundejahre and Peter Handke’s Publikumsbe¬schimpfung. On the other hand, the article focuses on an important aspect of the subconscious emotive, namely verbal aggression as a substitute for assault. The author joins Meinunger (2017: 11 f.), where he says: “Ranting is much better than his reputation. […] It is essentially a substitute for physical violence. […] must be seen as a victory of culture over nature.” At the same time he is contradicted when he also summarizes hate speech under ranting.

9

Humor in der kulturellen und sprachlichen Perspektive. Strategien zur Humorerzeugung in deutschen und britischen Panel-Shows

88%

Iwaniak K.

Linguistische Treffen in Wrocław

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2023

|

issue 23

245-259

EN

A special place among the research conducted in the field of linguistics, but also other scientific disciplines, is occupied by the broadly understood issues of humour. The aim of the project is primarily to show ways and mechanisms of generating humorous effects in German and British panel shows. Spoken spontaneous humorous utterances have not undergone sufficient studies. The existence of comedy has its origin in the noticing of inconsistent elements constituting structure or content of a comical act. Emphasis has been put on presenting how humorous content is constructed. The explanations were delivered thanks to pragmalinguistic theories and GTVH. There is possibility to include methods used in cognitive linguistics as well. In the research field remain axiological elements as well as the cultural background. The compilation consisting from video clips from both- German and British panel shows, allowed the creation of a comparative base to reach linguistic and cultural conclusions revealing differences and similarities between the compared programmes of the same type that were produced in different countries.

10

Od znaczenia do konceptu: pragmatyczno-kulturowe aspekty specyfikacji semantycznej

88%

Kiklewicz A.

Poradnik Językowy

|

2020

|

vol. 776

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issue 7

50-61

EN

The author discusses theoretical issues of functional semantics, especially such directions of the contemporary anthropological linguistics as ethnosemantics and cognitive semantics. The diversification of the content of a lexical meaning under the influence of external, mainly pragmatic and cultural, factors is the primary object of interest here. Therefore, the author considers the degree of semantic specification of lexical units at various levels of interpersonal communication: both general and subcultural. As assumed by the contemporary cultural linguistics, a concept is considered to be a category of representation of knowledge encoded in language signs. The author gives arguments in favour of the view that the opposition of the (lexical, general) meaning and concept is gradual and concerns the scope of semantic information encoded in the sign in accordance with adaptive requirements.

11

Second language pragmatic ability: Individual differences according to environment

75%

Wyner L., Cohen A. D.

Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching

|

2015

|

vol. 5

|

issue 4

519-556

EN

The aims of this paper are to review research literature on the role that the second language (L2) and foreign language (FL) environments actually play in the development of learners’ target language (TL) pragmatic ability, and also to speculate as to the extent to which individual factors can offset the advantages that learners may have by being in the L2 context while they are learning. The paper starts by defining pragmatics and by problematizing this definition. Then, attention is given to research literature dealing with the learning of pragmatics in an L2 context compared to an FL context. Next, studies on the role of pragmatic transfer are considered, with subsequent attention given to the literature on the incidence of pragmatic transfer in FL as opposed to L2 contexts. Finally, selected studies on the role of motivation in the development of pragmatic ability are examined. In the discussion section, a number of pedagogical suggestions are offered: the inclusion of pragmatics in teacher development, the use of authentic pragmatics materials, motivating learners to be more savvy about pragmatics, and supporting learners in accepting or challenging native-speaker norms. Suggestions as to further research in the field are also offered.

12

Lingwistyczna analiza frekwencyjna w badaniach semiotycznych i rynkowych

75%

Paprocki R.

Studia Slavica

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2013

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vol. 17

|

issue 1

125-138

EN

The article gives account of current developments in the field of corpus linguistics in Poland in short comparison with contemporary research conducted in the following field both in Britain and USA. Combining pragmalinguistic analysis of narrative text with frequency dictionaries and IT technologies, the author presents the original model of semiotic and market research. The aim of technology presented is to retrace communication habits and derive stereotypes in order to reconstruct the linguistic view of the world. According to most recent needs for inclusion of social-cultural context into the linguistic research, the emphasis is placed on the discursive view of the world and further reconstruction of the discursive views of words, brands and products. Communication behaviour displayed both in electronic and traditional forms is traced down to support semiotic and market analysis, enabling comparative research between and among users of different natural languages. The paper introduces and explains a newly coined term freqsem, referred to as a basic unit in technology of linguistic frequency analysis.

13

Konteksty występowania leksemów Polak, Polska i polski w zbiorze modlitw powszechnych Módlmy się wspólnie o. Ireneusza Żołnierczyka

75%

Pałucka-Czerniak I.

Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Językoznawcza

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2012

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vol. 19

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issue 1

37-49

PL

The article presents the results of a pragmalinguistic analysis of the linguistic contexts of the lexemes Polska, Polak and polski (Poland, Pole, Polish) in the collection of common prayers written by Father Ireneusz Żołnierczyk in 1984. The analysis allows the author to present the way of speaking and modelling the thinking on homeland within a specific given community, place and time. The material under scrutiny consists of the collection of common prayers that is to provide a clear illustration for the mechanisms to create and sustain the sense of religious and national unity. The collection, in the form of an auxiliary book for liturgy, had in the past a particular impact as a pattern providing a template in creating specific communiques during the litugy of the high mass in the Catholic Church. The supplications in the prayers execute a well-established and fixed general pattern, shaping the model of a believer as a hard-working, industrious and the virtuous Pole-Catholic. Within the lexical layer of the prayers there is no particularisation or direct references to political, economic and social situation in Poland, though the participants in the common prayer are in position to contextually read a given passage or hear a modified supplication (appropriately adjusted to specific or current events).

14

Внесок Харківської лінгвістичної школи у становлення й розвиток теорії невербальної комунікації

75%

Осіпова [Osipova] Т. T. Ф. F.

Studia z Filologii Polskiej i Słowiańskiej

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2020

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vol. 55

EN

Contribution of the Kharkiv Linguistic School to the Formation and Development of Theory of Non-Verbal CommunicationThis article describes contribution of the Kharkiv linguistic school to the formation of theory of non-verbal communication (NVC) and indicates the periods of its development in Ukrainian linguistics: from the psycholinguistic research of Oleksandr Potebnia (the late nineteenth century) to modern pragmalinguistic studies. The article aims to familiarise the European scholarly community with theoretical achievements of world-class Ukrainian linguists: Oleksandr Potebnia, Leonid Bulakhovs′kyĭ, Iuriĭ Shevel′ov (Iuriĭ Sherekh, George Shevelov), who directly or indirectly formed a theory of non-verbal communication (its methodological postulates, typology of non-verbal parameters, terminology), as well as with achievements of their followers, representatives of the pragmalinguistic branch of the Kharkiv linguistic school, exploring issues of NVC theory in the framework of discourse theory.Modern Ukrainian linguists actively develop non-verbal communication theory in relation to discourse practice (theoretical, terminological, stylistic, ethnocultural, idiolectic, gender and lexicographic aspects) and declare to have worked out a methodology for a comprehensive analysis of the non-verbal communication system on the basis of oral and written Ukrainian material. However, the article draws attention to the lack of a national Ukrainian theoretical platform, uniform NVC metalanguage and research methods, and identifies this issue as the most pressing research challenge.Based on the presented conceptualisations, the article identifies five periods of the formation and development of the Ukrainian theory of NVC, as reflected in the achievements of the most well-known and the strongest school in Ukrainian linguistics: (1) the initial period: late 19th – early 20th centuries; (2) the avant-garde period: 1920s–1930s; (3) the Soviet period: 1930s–1960s; (4a) the (“post-Soviet”) diaspora period (1970s); (4b) the post-Soviet period (1990s); (5) the current period: since the early 2000s. The article also outlines research prospects in this study area. Wkład charkowskiej szkoły językoznawczej w powstanie i rozwój teorii komunikacji niewerbalnejNiniejszy artykuł opisuje wkład charkowskiej szkoły językoznawczej w powstanie i rozwój teorii komunikacji niewerbalnej oraz nakreśla etapy rozwoju tej teorii w ukraińskim językoznawstwie, począwszy od psycholingwistycznych badań Ołeksandra Potebni pod koniec XIX wieku aż po współczesne badania pragmalingwistyczne.Artykuł ma na celu zapoznanie europejskich badaczy z teoretycznymi osiągnięciami ukraińskich językoznawców światowej klasy: Ołeksandra Potebni, Leonida Bułachowskiego, Jurija Szewelowa (Jurija Szerecha, George’a Shevelova), którzy bezpośrednio lub pośrednio przyczynili się do sformułowania teorii komunikacji niewerbalnej (jej postulatów metodologicznych, typologii parametrów niewerbalnych, terminologii), jak również z osiągnięciami ich następców, przedstawicieli nurtu pragmalingwistycznego charkowskiej szkoły językoznawczej, badających zagadnienia teorii komunikacji niewerbalnej w ramach teorii dyskursu.Dzisiejsi językoznawcy ukraińscy aktywnie rozwijają teorię komunikacji niewerbalnej w odniesieniu do praktyki dyskursu (w aspekcie teoretycznym, terminologicznym, stylistycznym, etnokulturowym, idiolektalnym, genderowym i leksykograficznym) i deklarują stosowanie opracowanej na bazie ukraińskiego materiału ustnego i pisemnego metodologii wszechstronnej analizy systemu komunikacji niewerbalnej. Artykuł zwraca jednak uwagę na brak ogólnokrajowej platformy teoretycznej, jednolitego metajęzyka i metod badawczych, wskazując przy tym, że jej stworzenie stanowi najpilniejsze zadanie stojące przed badaczami.Na podstawie przedstawionych konceptualizacji artykuł wyróżnia pięć okresów rozwoju ukraińskiej teorii komunikacji niewerbalnej w odniesieniu do osiągnięć charkowskiej szkoły językoznawczej, najbardziej znanej i najlepszej szkoły ukraińskiego językoznawstwa: 1) okres początkowy (schyłek XIX i początek XX wieku); 2) okres awangardy (lata 20. i 30. XX wieku); 3) okres radziecki (od lat 30. do 60. XX wieku); 4a) okres „postradzieckiej” diaspory (lata 70. XX wieku); 4b) okres postradziecki (lata 90. XX wieku); 5) okres współczesny (od początku XXI wieku). Artykuł przedstawia również perspektywy badawcze na tym polu.

15

Second language pragmatic ability: Individual differences according to environment

75%

Wyner L., Cohen A. D.

Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching

|

2015

|

vol. 5

|

issue 4

519-556

EN

The aims of this paper are to review research literature on the role that the second language (L2) and foreign language (FL) environments actually play in the development of learners’ target language (TL) pragmatic ability, and also to speculate as to the extent to which individual factors can offset the advantages that learners may have by being in the L2 context while they are learning. The paper starts by defining pragmatics and by problematizing this definition. Then, attention is given to research literature dealing with the learning of pragmatics in an L2 context compared to an FL context. Next, studies on the role of pragmatic transfer are considered, with subsequent attention given to the literature on the incidence of pragmatic transfer in FL as opposed to L2 contexts. Finally, selected studies on the role of motivation in the development of pragmatic ability are examined. In the discussion section, a number of pedagogical suggestions are offered: the inclusion of pragmatics in teacher development, the use of authentic pragmatics materials, motivating learners to be more savvy about pragmatics, and supporting learners in accepting or challenging native-speaker norms. Suggestions as to further research in the field are also offered.

16

Polska grzeczność językowa – dawniej i dziś

75%

Sikora K.

Studia Pigoniana

|

2023

|

vol. 6

|

issue 6

35-48

EN

Polish language politeness – then and now The paper discusses the major changes that have occurred in Polish linguistic etiquette and that have resulted mainly from the changing communication styles of young Poles. The author juxtaposes these changes with the so-called traditional language politeness in Polish and points to a fundamental transformation in the politeness model that involves a change in the orientation from You (the hearer) to I (the speaker). Among the most significant factors that have influenced this shift we address the following: politeness egalitarianism, the tendency to remove distance between interlocutors, speeding civilisation development, the cult of youth, women’s emancipation, as well as the Americanization (McDonaldization) of lifestyle, related to the influence of postmodernism.

PL

Polska grzeczność językowa – dawniej i dziś Tekst omawia najważniejsze zmiany w polskiej etykiecie językowej, dokonujące się głównie za sprawą zwyczajów językowych młodego pokolenia Polek i Polaków. Autor konfrontuje je z tzw. tradycyjną polską grzecznością językową i wskazuje na fundamentalną zmianę w modelu grzeczności, polegającą na zmianie orientacji: z nastawienia na TY (na rozmówcę) na nastawienie na JA (na nadawcę). Wśród najważniejszych czynników zmian wymienia i omawia egalitaryzm grzecznościowy i dążenie do skracania dystansu pomiędzy uczestnikami komunikacji, przyspieszenie cywilizacyjne, kult młodości, emancypację kobiet i ogólną amerykanizację (makdonaldyzację) stylu życia – powiązaną z wpływami postmodernizmu.

17

Co dziś znaczy zwierzać się. Rozważania pragmatycznojęzykowe

71%

Dąbkowska A.

Poznańskie Spotkania Językoznawcze

|

2016

|

issue 31

EN

The article examines the contexts of the verb to confide given in the dictionaries of contemporary Polish and in the works on semantics. The aim of the paper is to establish whether all the common modern expression, which communicatively competent Pole could describe as he / she confides, contain all the definitional features of that verb.

PL

Przedmiotem artykułu jest zbadanie kontekstów ilustrujących podawane przez słowniki współczesnego języka polskiego oraz przez autorów prac z zakresu semantyki znaczenie czasownika zwierzać się. Celem – ustalenie, czy wszystkie spotykane współcześnie wypowiedzi, o których kompetentny komunikacyjnie Polak mógłby powiedzieć On / ona zwierza się, zawierają wszystkie cechy definicyjne tego czasownika.

18

Elementy etykiety językowej w listach Bolesława Prusa do Oktawii Rodkiewiczowej (Żeromskiej)

63%

Czachorowska M.

Język Polski

|

2023

|

vol. 103

|

issue 3

56-70

PL

W artykule analizie poddany został zbiór 36 listów, które Bolesław Prus napisał do swojej przyjaciółki i żony przyjaciela Oktawii Rodkiewiczowej (Żeromskiej) w latach 1890–1904. Celem artykułu było wskazanie i językowe omówienie elementów listowej etykiety grzecznościowej (powitań, pożegnań, podziękowań, przeprosin, życzeń) wykorzystywanych przez Prusa w tej korespondencji. Oprócz wyrażeń i fraz szablonowych, konwencjonalnych, formuł skostniałych, używanych tradycyjnie w korespondencji między starszym mężczyzną a młodszą kobietą – wdową, mężatką, w listach znajdziemy akty grzecznościowe nieszablonowe, zindywidualizowane, jednostkowe, dowcipnie i pomysłowo inkrustowane komplementami.

EN

This article includes an analysis of the collection of 36 letters that Bolesław Prus wrote to his friend, and his friend's wife, Octavia primo voto Rodkiewiczowa Żeromska, in the years 1890–1904. The aim of the article was to indicate and linguistically discuss the elements of epistolary courtesy etiquette (greetings, farewells, thanks, apologies, wishes) used by Prus in this correspondence. In addition to standard expressions and phrases, conventional and outdated formulas traditionally used in correspondence between an older man and a younger woman – a widow, a married person, in letters we will find expressions that are out-of-the-box, personalized, unique, witty and ingeniously encrusted with compliments.

19

Translating Anna Karenina - to the Question About the Pragmatics of Translation

63%

Gurina E.

Journal of Education Culture and Society

|

2016

|

vol. 7

|

issue 2

307-315

EN

The article deals with the stylistic peculiarities of the translations made by R. Pevear and L. Volokhonsky, L. and A. Maud, J. Carmichael of the novel Anna Karenina by L. Tolstoy on the basis of pragmastylistics and comparative analysis. It tries to analyze the text of the novel using the lingo-stylistic characteristics in accordance with the national bias in the way of thinking and individual creative preferences of every translator taking an attempt to introduce a foreign picture of the world to his countrymen. It underlines the impact of Tolstoy’s complicated attitude towards the customs and traditions of the Russian Orthodox church and the specific relationship of the author of the novel with God and its manifestation in the description of the heroes’ characters. In stresses how vital it may turn out to preserve the author’s ideostyle - lexis and syntax (the word order, the choice of them and the length of the sentences) for the successful interpretation of the writer’s views and stance by the reader.

20

Gramatyka żądania. Uwagi na temat struktury wyrażeń zawierających żądania

63%

Sikora J.

Lingwistyka Stosowana / Applied Linguistics / Angewandte Linguistik

|

2015

|

issue 15

75-81

EN

The theme of the article is a description of possibilities of articulating a directive speech act. The author makes the form of expressing a DEMAND conditional on non-linguistic relationships between participants of a communication act. Based on the degree of interlocutors’ interdependence the form of a DEMAND may be the one of superiority, subordination or symmetry. The article describes various forms of verbalizing DEMANDS depending on relationships between a speaker and a listener as well as the ability of interpreting the directive speech act by the speaker and the listener.

Refine search results

The teaching of pragmatics by native and nonnative language teachers: What they know and what they report doing

Emotionsausdruck: Kontextspezifische und situativbedingte Zuschreibungen von negativen Eigenschaften in einigen Zeitungsartikeln der ADZ für Rumänien: Dragnea & Co und das Prekariat

The teaching of pragmatics by native and nonnative language teachers: What they know and what they report doing

Semantyka i struktura językowych formuł gestycznych w kontaktach familijnych schyłku XIX stulecia (na podstawie korespondencji rodzinnej Pawlikowskich)

Funkcje wybranych typów derywatów w polszczyźnie familijnej XIX stulecia (na podstawie korespondencji małżeńskiej Zofii Kraszewskiej)

Actual problems of contrastive grammar in the focus of pragmalinguistics

Expression du désaccord dans la controverse scientifique

Auch das Beschimpfen ist eine Art, miteinander zu reden

Humor in der kulturellen und sprachlichen Perspektive. Strategien zur Humorerzeugung in deutschen und britischen Panel-Shows

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