Search results

1

Gwałt w prozie Włodzimierza Odojewskiego

100%

Ładoń M.

Postscriptum Polonistyczne

|

2013

|

issue 1(11)

107-125

EN

The article considers the motif of rape – one of the most important in Włodzimierz Odojewski’s prose. The author is interested in different examples of sexual violence against women: from patriarchal violation to war rape. In each case both the woman’s body and psyche (stigmatized with indelible trauma) are being analysed as well as the heroines‘ life after the rape. The author of the article also confronts these extreme experiences of women from a man’s point of view (that of the narrator and male characters), trying to answer the question, can rape be narrated and intimacy recovered after such traumatic experiences?

2

“Cruelty” as a qualified hallmark of the crime of murder and rape

100%

Brzezińska J.

Nowa kodyfikacja prawa karnego

|

2015

|

vol. 38

37-50

EN

This article is dedicated to the determination of the nature and intensity with which the attribute of the “particular cruelty” can manifest itself in the design of the aggravated crimes of homicide and rape. The analysis of the indicated attribute undoubtedly constitutes numerous difficulties in the interpretation of the doctrine of criminal law, which relate, in particular, to the right assessment in terms of the intensity of its occurrence towards the victim. In order for the murder or rape to retain its aggravated nature, the perpetrator’s behaviour must demonstrate not only average, but atypically reprehensible, or even bestial cruelty. In this context, the only method that allows the presentation of an in-depth characteristics of the indicated attribute is taking into account all forms of the perpetrator’s behaviour, the attributes of the aggravated crime of murder or rape in the qualified type that accompany the implementation phase (methods, means, effects, period of inflicting suffering, victim’s status).

3

Relation between the injured party being under the influence of alcohol and the liability of the perpetrator due to the crimes under Article 197 of the Polish Criminal Code and Article 198 of the Polish Criminal Code

100%

Matynia-Kłos J.

Acta Iuris Stetinensis

|

2020

|

vol. 30

|

issue 2

61-72

EN

The paper constitutes an attempt at presenting the views of legal scholars and commentators and the judicature on the possibility of attributing criminal liability under Article 197 of the Polish Criminal Code and Article 198 of the Polish Criminal Code to the perpetrator in the case of alcohol consumption by the injured party. This issue is the basis of a crucial dogmatic problem, extremely up-to-date from the point of view of the study of criminal law, since the solution thereof determines the criminal liability of the alleged perpetrator. Therefore, the analysed issue raises the question of the limits of impunity for violations in the sphere of sexual life of the injured party in comparison with the features and circum- stances directly related to the victim. Thus, the paper attempts to answer the question wheth- er actions belonging to so-called sexual offences should be predominantly assessed with the use of a literal interpretation or taking into account the formal-dogmatic interpretation.

4

Women Under Siege. The Shakespearean Ethics of Violence

88%

Percec D., Şerban A.

Gender Studies

|

2012

|

vol. 11

|

issue 1

86-99

EN

This paper discusses notions of physical violence, domestic violence, and sexual assault and the ways in which these were socially and legally perceived in early modern Europe. Special attention will be paid to a number of Shakespearean plays, such as Titus Andronicus and Edward III, but also to the narrative poem The Rape of Lucrece (whose motifs were later adopted in Cymbeline), where the consumption of the female body as a work of art is combined with verbal and physical abuse.

5

Sexuální morálka a královská autorita:

88%

Nodl M., Miller S.

Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review)

|

2020

|

vol. 118

|

issue 3

599-618

EN

The study is devoted to the issue of legal codifications of the Bohemian king Charles IV and the Polish king Casimir III the Great from the perspective of their sexual moral regulation in the form of punishment for the crimes of kidnapping and rape. In it, the author examines in a comparative way the connection of both legal norms to earlier legal customs, their relation to public law initiative, to archaic legal customs and to the social conditionality of the punishment of both sexual crimes.

6

Pohľad do zrkadla alebo o schizofrénii paragrafu 241 zákona č. 140/1961 Sb.

88%

Čechmánek K.

Právník. Teoretický časopis pro otázky státu a práva (The Lawyer - Scientific Review for Problems of State and Law)

|

2016

|

vol. 155

|

issue 7

604-618

EN

This article focuses on Slovak and Czech legal protection of human dignity in sexual matters through legal instruments of criminal law. The author examines the evolution of joint socialist rape crime legislation and its outcomes in two separate legal orders. The primary goal of the paper is to prove that the Slovak legal system does not provide sufficient protection for males against woman-on-man rape. Since the Slovak state fails in the terms of protection of men significantly, therefore it does not fulfil its obligation to protect human dignity with criminal law measures in accordance with the principle of equality. In comparison with the Czech legal order, we see considerably different approach despite of the same initial conditions. Differences were brought in by enacting Act no. 144/2001 Sb. which represented a step forward in terms of comprehensive legal protection from potential sexually oriented crimes. A Slovak legislator, therefore, gained a comparative advantage and a detailed guide for overcoming insufficient and rigid socialist – based legislation. In the end of the article, after exhaustive legal analysis, the author suggests a simple change of current Slovak criminal act which is already well known from Czech legal order

SK

Táto práca predstavuje náhľad do českej a slovenskej trestnoprávnej ochrany ľudskej dôstojnosti v sexuálnych veciach. Autor skúma vývoj spoločnej, socialistickej právnej úpravy trestného činu znásilnenia a jej vyústenie do dvoch samostatných právnych poriadkov. Primárnym zámerom je preukázať, že osoby mužského pohlavia nepožívajú v slovenskom právnom prostredí náležitú ochranu pred obráteným znásilnením, teda protiprávnym konaním ženy – páchateľky, ktorá násilím, hrozbou bezprostredného násilia alebo využitím bezbrannosti, donúti muža k súloži. Štát tak opomína svoj pozitívny záväzok zabezpečiť rovnakú trestnoprávnu ochranu ľudskej dôstojnosti pre všetkých, bez ohľadu na pohlavie. V porovnaní s českou právnou úpravou možno hovoriť o zásadne odlišnom prístupe k problému, a to napriek totožným východiskovým podmienkam.Rozdiely sú badateľné predovšetkým po prijatí zákona č. 144/2001 Sb., ktorý predstavoval významný krok smerom ku komplexnej ochrane potenciálnych obetí sexuálnej trestnej činnosti. Slovenský zákonodarca dostal ukážkový návod, ako sa vyrovnať s nepostačujúcou a rigidnou socialistickou právnou úpravou. Autor v závere článku, po dôkladnej analýze právneho stavu, navrhuje jednoduchú legislatívnu zmenu, ktoré je už dobre známa z českého právneho prostredia.

7

Kryminologiczno-epistemologiczne i genderowe aspekty przestępstwa zgwałcenia

87%

Płatek M.

Archiwum Kryminologii

|

2010

|

issue XXXII

345-378

EN

According to government information from November 2010, only 8% of committed sex crimes are reported in Poland. In 90% of cases, the perpetrators remain unpunished. Taking into account the statistics for 2009, 6,700 cases of sexual violence show the scale of the problem. The article tries to investigate the reasons of such situation. How does it happen that in a legal order, which since 1932 is based on extremely modern approach to the crime of rape, it remains in practice so often unpunished? The reasons of this are seen in the accepted procedure of prosecution, on the motion of the injured. This procedure results from the fact that provisions from 1932 have been accepted as they were, without a deeper reflection or analysis of the state of affairs of the time. What was acceptable in the criminological-epistemological and dogmatic perspective then, has been accepted by the legislator at present. This leaves a question why regulations from 1932 are still in force at present, with the detriment to the victims. In seeking an answer to this question, a methodology provided by feminist jurisprudence is assumed. The text also explains the very notion of feminist jurisprudence and gender analysis of law. The method allows to notice the elements earlier neglected by the law and to explain why corruption of the perpetrator reaches the victim. The development of feminist jurisprudence over the past three decades has contributed to significant enrichment of the theory of law in many countries and has led to many reforms of criminal law, including changes to the regulations concerning the rape of crime. Taking feminist criminology and feminist jurisprudence into account allows to consider the causes of placing joint responsibility for rape on a victim. It allows to demonstrate that what is hidden under the euphemism of morals and morality is also supported by laws and does not result from tradition as much as from the influence of contemporary law. The accepted procedure of prosecution of the crime is a significant element of this process. Assuming a gender perspective introduces a perspective of experiences and values essential for women to the analysis of language, evaluation and events, although it is not limited to this. The text, while analysing the determinants of regulations concerning rape, questions the basic axioms of criminal law dogma pertaining to neutrality and objectivity of criminal law. The example of regulations on rape proves that both axioms in fact sustain a loss to the benefit of the interest of the legislator who has a greater tendency to identify with a perpetrator than with a victim. The text analyses various perspectives of justifying accepted norms and indicates that higher arguments at each time serve to justify current interests. Using instruments of gender analysis of law here as well, reader’s attention is drawn to the perspective resulting from the experiences and values presented by women.

8

Sexual sphere : thin line between freedom and crime

75%

Dudorov O., Pysmenskyy Y.

The Lawyer Quarterly

|

2019

|

vol. 9

|

issue 4

299-318

EN

The paper addresses the issues of sexual sphere, which is protected by criminal law. Given the special sensitivity of this area, the question is raised on the need to clearly define the limits of criminal behavior. A range of behavioral acts, related to sexual intercourse, which are recognized as socially acceptable and should not entail the application of criminal law repression measures, is defined. At the same time, an attempt to simulate the optimal system of criminal violations in sexual sphere is made. Modern trends in the area of criminal law protection of sexual sphere in the countries of continental Europe are researched. Specific attention is given to the Istanbul Convention as the international law document, which has a significant impact on the formation of criminal law policy in the mentioned area. Achievements and flaws of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, concerning liability for crimes of sexual freedom and sexual integrity of a person and related to the implementation of the Istanbul Convention provisions, are found.

9

Włosy w kobiecych narracjach lagrowych

75%

Czarnecka B.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Litteraria Polonica

|

2017

|

vol. 42

|

issue 4

189-211

EN

The article is the analysis of women’s lager narrations that reflect the procedure of shaving hair applied to female lager prisoners. It shows cultural, social and psychological meanings of this procedure, presents it as the element of the wide scale lager violence strategy, degradation ritual, the form of female identity and intimacy violation. Through the presentation of various circumstances in which women were shaved in concentration camps the text presents the situation complexity of the lager experience – its phases and the context. The article relates the variety of sources and includes the experiences of women of different nationalities, for example: German, Polish, Jewish.

10

Shakespeare’s representations of rape

75%

Kujawińska Courtney K.

Acta Philologica

|

2016

|

issue 49

91-98

EN

The essay surveys representations of rape in selected Shakespeare’s works. The subject fascinated Shakespeare throughout his career. It appeared for the first time in his early narrative poem “The rape of Lucrece” and in one of his first tragedies “Titus Andronicus”. Though his later works, unlike these two, do not represent sexual assaults upon women graphically, rape is present in almost all his Roman and history plays (e.g. “Coriolanus”, “Henry V”, “Henry VI”), comedies (e.g. “A midsummer night’s dream”, “Measure for measure”) and romances (e.g. “Cymbeline”, “Pericles”, “The tempest”). Since in Shakespeare’s England the social structure prioritized male power, women were treated as men’s property. Any accomplished or attempted sexual violation of women polarized male legal and emotional bonding, and it also disrupted and/or empowered homosocial solidarity. A preliminary study of the presence and dramatic use of rape shows a distinctive evolution in Shakespeare’s attitude to this omnipresent subject. One reason for this change might be a shift in the legal classification of rape in Elizabethan England: from a crime against (male) property to a crime against an individual.

11

Podstęp jako jedna z form przestępstwa zgwałcenia – zagadnienia wybrane

75%

Tarapata S.

Prawo w Działaniu

|

2022

|

issue 51

49-62

EN

In the article the statements about deceitful rape presented in Polish literature and judiciary were reviewed. It was stated that on the basis of the Article 197 § 1 CC the word “deceit” encodes both the objective and subjective element. For the existence of deceit, it is relevant that a perpetrator intentionally misleads or exploits the victim`s mistake. In addition, it was proposed in the article that certain groups of cases, which have not yet been treated as deceitful rapes, should be assessed as fulfilling the features of a prohibited act under the Article 197 § 1 CC. Finally, a de lege ferenda postulate was submitted, that the features described in the Article 198 CC should be transferred to the Article 197 § 1 CC.

PL

W artykule dokonano rewizji prezentowanych w polskiej literaturze i orzecznictwie twierdzeń dotyczących podstępnego zgwałcenia. Uznano, że na gruncie art. 197 § 1 Kodeksu karnego słowo „podstęp” koduje zarówno element przedmiotowy, jak i podmiotowy. Aby bowiem zaistniał podstęp, sprawca musi celowo wprowadzać ofiarę w błąd lub taki błąd wyzyskiwać. Ponadto w artykule zgłoszono propozycję, by pewne grupy przypadków, które dotychczas nie były traktowane jako podstępne zgwałcenia, oceniać jako realizujące znamiona czynu z art. 197 § 1 k.k. Wreszcie wysunięto postulat de lege ferenda, by znamiona opisane w art. 198 k.k. przenieść do art. 197 § 1 k.k.

12

MACIERZYŃSTWO A GWAŁT – CUDZOZIEMKA MARII KUNCEWICZOWEJ I TRYLOGIA WAŁBRZYSKA JOANNY BATOR

75%

Jezierska A.

Conversatoria Litteraria

|

2016

|

vol. 10

|

issue -

235-252

PL

The myth of Polish Mother has a long tradition and it still influences the concept of motherhood in Poland. This paper is an attempt to show how two polish female writers analyse the problem of raped mothers and the further cir-culation of violence in the families and next generation. In her famous psycho-logical novel The Stranger Maria Kuncewiczowa shows a disturbet mother-daughter bound, Joanna Bator goes a few steps further an focuses on the second generation and other family members.

13

Women’s hair in Lager narratives

75%

Czarnecka B.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Litteraria Polonica

|

2017

|

vol. 46

|

issue 8

145-166

EN

The article offers an analysis of women’s Lager narratives in which the procedure of removing hair from female prisoners of concentration camps was reflected. It indicates the procedure’s cultural, social, and psychological meanings presenting it as an element of the extensive camp strategy of violence, a ritual of downgrading, and a form of violating a woman’s identity and intimacy. By presenting various circumstances in which women were shaved in the camps, it also indicates the situation-based complexity of the camp experience, its various stages, and contexts. The text refers to various sources, and considers the experiences of women of various nationalities, e.g. Germans, Poles, and Jews.

14

Vojenské násilí ve městech za třicetileté války. Se zvláštním přihlédnutím k Plzeňsku

75%

Kilián J.

Folia historica Bohemica

|

2014

|

vol. 29

|

issue 1

5-29

EN

The essay concentrates on one of the phenomena connected with clashes between the military element and the civilian population, demonstrations and forms of forceful physical aggression committed by the soldiers on the town citizens, including women, during the war conflict between 1618 and 1648. It will also categorize this aggression, reveal and describe its start-up mechanisms. The research is based on a study of sources from selected Czech towns primarily in the current Plzeň region.

15

Lukrecja – wzór dla Rzymianek. Historia niezbyt słodka

75%

Miazek-Męczyńska M.

Symbolae Philologorum Posnaniensium Graecae et Latinae

|

2021

|

vol. 31

|

issue 1

153-168

EN

The article presents the story of Lucrece, legendary heroine and noble wife of Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus, whose suicide was presented many times in the ancient Roman and Renaissance literature by historiographers and poets. The author compares few versions of Lucrece’s story focusing on her virtues (like castitas, obstinata pudicitia, decus muliebris) that became canonical features characterising the Roman matrona.

16

“Yes means Yes”. Theoretical dilemmas and new definition of rape and sexual assault in Slovenian Criminal Law

75%

Šuta Ž., Berglez N., Šepec M.

Problemy Prawa Karnego

|

2022

|

vol. 6

|

issue 1

1-56

EN

The legislation of crimes against sexual integrity was initially aimed at safeguarding specific interests such as the honour of the father, the family, virginity, and the social security of women. Accordingly, the extent of rape victims was for a long time limited only to women (e.g. under Article 100 of the Criminal Code of the Socialist Republic of Slovenia from 1977, the execution of rape was only possible as immission penis in vaginam). In modern society, legislators seek to protect the self-determination of the individual, sexual and physical integrity, and sexual autonomy. This reversal demonstrates that modern criminal law revolves around the essential question of whether sexual intercourse is engaged in through free choice, that is, autonomously. Domestic legislators have been put under the pressure of media campaigns and controversial case law to modernise criminal law accordingly. In the spirit of the reforms, the Republic of Slovenia in 2021 adopted the amendments of Rape and Sexual Assault in the Criminal Code (KZ-1H) consistent with the affirmative consent model (“yes means yes”).

17

Cudzoziemcy jako sprawcy znęcania się i zgwałcenia w kontekście przemocy „honorowej”

66%

Woźniakowska-Fajst D.

Archiwum Kryminologii

|

2016

|

issue XXXVIII

321-345

EN

The number of foreign nationals convicted of physical abuse in the period spanning 2004–2012 was around a dozen cases a year. The percentage of convicted foreign nationals in comparison with Poles indicted with the offence described in the provisions of Article 207 of the Polish Penal Code, was very low, i.e. 0.1%, throughout all the years studied. In the years 2004–2012, foreign nationals in Poland were convicted of 145 physical abuse offences. The perpetrators originated from 34 countries. Most of them came from Ukraine (24%), followed by Russia (12%) and Germany (7%). In the period under study, 8 convictions were secured for Armenian nationals, and 6 for Rumanian and Turkish, respectively. It should be noted that in the case of physical abuse, the aggrieved parties were mainly family members, spouses, and partners, but also children and the elderly, as well as the persons physically dependent on others for assistance in their activities of daily living (e.g. persons with disabilities). The relevant statistical data may readily be augmented by the materials gathered in the course of analysing the court’s records. Among the persons indicted for physical abuse, women are seldom the perpetrators, as only two were found in the cases analysed (28 offenders were male). The aggrieved parties were not their partners, though, but dependent individuals. The most numerous groups of perpetrators found in the court files included Russians (7 offenders) and Ukrainians (5). 7 offenders were EU citizens. Single cases were represented by other nationalities (2 Armenians, 2 Azerbaijanis, 2 Tunisians, 1 Belarussian, and 1 Iraqi). Much as in the case of other aggressive acts, numerous instances of physical abuse were related to their perpetrators’ inebriation. 18 offenders (i.e. almost 2/3 of the indicted ones) were under the influence of alcohol. The main motive of domestic violence was (besides alcohol abuse which seemed to directly trigger the outbursts of violent behaviour), some sort of conflict between family members in conjunction with an inability to alleviate it or resolve by other means. In the case of persons applying for a refugee status, long-term frustration was also found to be a contributing factor. Immediate family members of, i.e. wife, partner, children, and stepchildren aged 1–17 usually fall victim to domestic violence. In the case files under examination, a majority of the wronged women were of Polish nationality (23), 4 were Chechens, and one was an Azeri woman. In the majority of cases, where the perpetrator came from a country where Islam is the dominant religion (the perpetrator’s religious denomination was not mentioned in all the cases) and the victim was a Polish woman, it was hard to determine whether domestic violence has cultural reasons. These cases in no way differed from those in which the perpetrators were men of European origin. The actual percentage of foreign nationals convicted of rape in relation to the total number of convictions secured in pursuance of the provisions of Article 197 of the Polish Penal Code varies in the respective years of the period under study, ranging from 0.5% (in 2008) to over 2% (in 2012). The number of such convictions with regard to Polish nationals has been steadily decreasing, while remaining fairly stable in the case of foreign nationals (ranging from 4 to 17 per year). In the period spanning 2004–2012, foreign nationals in Poland were convicted of 88 rapes, their perpetrators originating from 29 countries. Over nine years, usually only one or two instances of convictions for rape were related to respective nationalities. Most convictions involved Ukrainians (20%), Bulgarians (17%), and Germans (8%). Romanian citizens were convicted in five cases, while Armenians and Russians 4 times each. A rich source of data on the perpetrators are the court records of criminal cases. In those studied, 18 perpetrators were revealed, all men. It would be rather hard to speculate, though, on any apparent regularity regarding their nationality. In that particular group, the most numerous were the Ukrainians (3). Otherwise, the group comprised single representatives of Russia (Chechen extraction), Tunisia, Morocco, Belarus, Syria, Algeria, Iran, Armenia, and the United States. Six offenders were EU citizens. The reason for a sexual assault was primarily the drive to satisfy one’s sexual desire, which in more than half of the cases was also related to alcohol abuse by the perpetrator. The statistics on the total number of rape offences committed by foreign nationals also differ in terms of the actual location where the rape was perpetrated. The majority (10) of offences described in the records studied took place in apartments and houses (as indeed it usually happens in all cases of reported rape in Poland), but open public spaces (e.g. streets, fields, woodland areas) made up an equally significant category (10 cases). In all cases the aggrieved parties were women, all of them of Polish nationality. They were mostly young or very young women. The youngest victim (of attempted rape) was 11 years old, while the oldest was 32. As with most cases of rape, one rule seemed to prevail throughout, i.e. first and foremost the victims of rape were personally known to the perpetrator. Out of the 20 identified victims, 12 knew the rapist, and 6 of them were members of the perpetrator’s family. In terms of the analysed records, minor victims appeared relatively numerous, also in view of the fact that the two perpetrators raped several girls. In no instance of rape of very young girls was the cultural aspect ever mentioned. In none of those cases was a young girl forced into marriage, or was cultural consent granted to having a sexual intercourse with a minor. Summing up the issue of foreign nationals as the perpetrators of physical abuse and rape, especially in the context of honour based violence, it is clear that currently such acts do not seem to have been committed mainly by the Muslims. Since foreign nationals residing in Poland mostly come from the neighbouring countries (predominantly Ukraine), they are by far the most visible as offenders. As far as the cases of rape are concerned, as referenced in the criminal records under study, the perpetrators’ mode of operation did not differ with respect to their nationality. In the case of foreign offenders, a substantial number of rape victims were very young girls, although this was in no way related to cultures that accept and promote child marriage or forced unions. All the perpetrators originated from our own cultural background.

18

Przestępstwo zgwałcenia w Polsce w latach 1999–2017

66%

Widacki J., Szuba-Boroń A.

Archiwum Kryminologii

|

2019

|

issue XLI/2

253-285

EN

Not only have the regulations in criminal law concerning the crime of rape changed over the years, but so has the evident process of the transformation of its cultural context. In the early decades of the 20th century, physical traces of violence – visible bodily harm experienced by the victim – was required as proof of rape. The 1970s brought an entirely different social image of the phenomenon, revealing that “date rape” constitutes the majority of all acts of rape. Cultural circumstances play a key role in the process of naming an act rape. Statistical data also allow for the claim that the shift in prosecuting cases of the crime of rape has neither resulted in an increase in the number of reported rapes nor in a decrease in the number of such unreported crimes.

PL

Na przestrzeni lat zmieniały się prawnokarne regulacje dotyczące przestępstwa zgwałcenia, przede wszystkim jednak widoczny jest proces przeobrażania kontekstu kulturowego. W pierwszych dekadach XX w. jako dowodu zgwałcenia wymagano śladów przemocy, obrażeń na ciele ofiary. Lata 70. XX w. ukazały już zupełnie inny obraz społeczny tego zjawiska, ujawniając w strukturze zgwałceń przeważający udział tzw. zgwałceń randkowych. Uwarunkowania kulturowe odgrywają kluczową rolę w procesie uznania zachowania za gwałt. W świetle danych statystycznych można również postawić tezę, że zmiana trybu ścigania przestępstwa zgwałcenia nie wpłynęła ani na wzrost stwierdzonych przestępstw zgwałcenia, ani na zmniejszenie ciemnej liczby gwałtów.

19

Legal Liability for the Crime of Rape in the Muslim Countries

63%

Sosik R.

Studia Iuridica Lublinensia

|

2017

|

vol. 26

|

issue 2

EN

The crime of rape is a frequent subject matter for the doctrine. This article aims at presenting the complex analysis of current penal regulations in the law of Islam, basing on selected countries, such as Egypt, the United Arab Emirates, Pakistan and Turkey. The legal situation of women in the culture of Muslim countries, as the most sufficient factor affecting the number of sexual crimes in those countries, is set as the foundation for the analysis in this paper.

PL

Przestępstwo zgwałcenia jest częstym przedmiotem zainteresowania zarówno przedstawicieli prawa karnego, jak i kryminologii. Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu dogłębną analizę zagadnień związanych z odpowiedzialnością za przestępstwo zgwałcenia w prawie islamu na przykładzie systemów prawnych Egiptu, Zjednoczonych Emiratów Arabskich, Pakistanu oraz Turcji. Punktem wyjścia do analizy stanu prawnego poszczególnych krajów jest analiza sytuacji prawnej kobiety w kulturze krajów muzułmańskich, ponieważ jest to najistotniejszy czynnik wpływający na wysoką liczbę przestępstw seksualnych popełnianych w tych krajach.

20

Rape Culture Reborn: A Posthuman Perspective on Rape in Westworld

63%

Czerniakowski M.

Roczniki Humanistyczne

|

2019

|

vol. 67

|

issue 11: Anglica

75-86

EN

The main objective of the essay is to present the problem of granting the status of a person who enjoys all human rights to artificial intelligence if it manages to develop artificial consciousness at the level allowing it for reflecting upon itself and recognizing the fact that it is an entity which has its own subjectivity and the right not to be exploited. Assuming the perspective of critical posthumanism, which here draws on research conducted by Stefan Sorgner, Francesca Ferrando, and Neil Badmington, the Author tries to give a concise presentation of the issue, which may still be perceived as part of speculative discourse stimulated by science-fiction, but which – as the Author proves – seems to be gradually becoming part of our everyday world that humanity will have to deal with on both ideological and legislative ground.

PL

Głównym celem niniejszego tekstu jest zarysowanie problematyki przyznania statusu osoby z pełnią praw człowieka sztucznej inteligencji, której uda się rozwinąć sztuczną świadomość na poziomie pozwalającym jej na autorefleksję oraz zrozumienie, że jest bytem, który ma własną podmiotowość i prawo sprzeciwu do bycia ofiarą eksploatacji. Przyjąwszy perspektywę krytycznego posthumanizmu, która tutaj opiera się na pracy naukowej krytyków takich jak Stefan Sorgner, Francesca Ferrando czy Neil Badmington, autor eseju stara się w syntetyczny sposób przedstawić zagadnienie, które co prawda, może się wydawać, wciąż należy do sfery spekulatywnych rozważań rodem z twórczości popularnonaukowej, powoli jednak — jak udowadnia autor eseju — staje się częścią codziennego świata, z którą ludzkość będzie sobie musiała poradzić zarówno na gruncie ideologicznym, jak i legislacyjnym.

Refine search results

Gwałt w prozie Włodzimierza Odojewskiego

“Cruelty” as a qualified hallmark of the crime of murder and rape

Relation between the injured party being under the influence of alcohol and the liability of the perpetrator due to the crimes under Article 197 of the Polish Criminal Code and Article 198 of the Polish Criminal Code

Women Under Siege. The Shakespearean Ethics of Violence

Sexuální morálka a královská autorita:

Pohľad do zrkadla alebo o schizofrénii paragrafu 241 zákona č. 140/1961 Sb.

Kryminologiczno-epistemologiczne i genderowe aspekty przestępstwa zgwałcenia

Sexual sphere : thin line between freedom and crime

Włosy w kobiecych narracjach lagrowych

Shakespeare’s representations of rape

Podstęp jako jedna z form przestępstwa zgwałcenia – zagadnienia wybrane

MACIERZYŃSTWO A GWAŁT – CUDZOZIEMKA MARII KUNCEWICZOWEJ I TRYLOGIA WAŁBRZYSKA JOANNY BATOR

Women’s hair in Lager narratives

Vojenské násilí ve městech za třicetileté války. Se zvláštním přihlédnutím k Plzeňsku

Lukrecja – wzór dla Rzymianek. Historia niezbyt słodka

“Yes means Yes”. Theoretical dilemmas and new definition of rape and sexual assault in Slovenian Criminal Law

Cudzoziemcy jako sprawcy znęcania się i zgwałcenia w kontekście przemocy „honorowej”

Przestępstwo zgwałcenia w Polsce w latach 1999–2017

Legal Liability for the Crime of Rape in the Muslim Countries

Rape Culture Reborn: A Posthuman Perspective on Rape in Westworld