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Kilka uwag o rozwoju wtórnych przyimków przestrzennych

100%
Janowska A.
Studia z Filologii Polskiej i Słowiańskiej
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2018
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vol. 53
EN
Some remarks about the development of secondary spatial prepositionsThe literature devoted to spatial prepositions is quite abundant. The present article constitutes a recapitulation of the historical research which has heretofore been done on the subject. It is also an attempt at presenting the general characteristics of the evolution undergone by the class of units being described. This class is treated here in a broad manner, taking into account also equivalence. Spatial prepositions are the oldest layer of secondary forms and as far as many aspects are concerned, they constitute a very peculiar group. The attention of the scholar is drawn to lexemes such as blisko [close to, near] and the complex prepositions such as zza, poza, spoza [from behind, beyond, from beyond], which emerged quite late. Properties which are important for the evolution of the prepositions in question also include the considerable number of their variants. The direction of their evolution is quite clear also as far as their functions are concerned. The Polish language inherited from the Proto-Slavonic language precise distinctions of proximity, in contradistinction to the ablative content or expressions of considerable distances, which are indicated in a relatively general manner. The development of secondary prepositions emphasizes these properties of spatial description even further. As years went by, the disproportion between the indications of approaching and departing, of being near and being far away, did not diminish. On the contrary, it increased. The peculiarity of secondary prepositions is determined by their relationship with other classes of words that also describe spatial relations. Without doubt, this mutual relationship, which determines the evolution in spatial description, requires in-depth research. Kilka uwag o rozwoju wtórnych przyimków przestrzennychLiteratura poświęcona przyimkom przestrzennym jest dość bogata. Niniejszy artykuł stanowi podsumowanie dotychczasowych badań historycznych i jednocześnie próbę ogólnej charakterystyki ewolucji omawianej klasy jednostek. Klasa ta traktowana jest tu szeroko, również z uwzględnieniem ekwiwalencji. Przyimki przestrzenne stanowią najstarszą warstwę form wtórnych i tworzą grupę pod wieloma względami specyficzną. Zwracają uwagę leksemy typu blisko oraz dość późno utworzone przyimki złożone typu zza, poza, spoza. Do cech ważnych dla ewolucji omawianych przyimków zalicza się również znaczną wariantywność. Kierunek ich ewolucji jest dość wyrazisty także pod względem pełnionych funkcji. Polszczyzna odziedziczyła po prasłowiańszczyźnie szczegółowe wyróżnianie relacji bliskości w odróżnieniu od dość ogólnie wskazywanych treści ablatywnych czy określeń znacznych odległości. Rozwój przyimków wtórnych te cechy opisu przestrzennego jeszcze mocniej uwypukla. Dysproporcja między wskazaniem zbliżanie–oddalanie, blisko–daleko z biegiem lat nie zmniejsza się, a wręcz przeciwnie – rośnie. O swoistości przyimków wtórnych decyduje związek z wieloma innymi klasami wyrazów – wyznacznikami relacji przestrzennych. Ta wzajemna zależność, wyznaczająca ewolucję w opisie przestrzennym, niewątpliwie wymaga gruntownych badań.
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Analytic tendencies in modern Polish and Russian

75%
Sosnowski W.
Cognitive Studies
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2011
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issue 11
EN
Analytic tendencies in modern Polish and RussianModern Polish and Russian are characterized by some features which demonstrate an increasing level of analitism. In the process of transformation from synthetic to analytical language, a crucial role is played by prepositional units. In this research, analitism is understood in a traditional way as a morphological and syntactic phenomenon. The fact that the synthetic structure of a language may, in some conditions, turn into an analytical one, as happened in the case of Bulgarian and Macedonian, has been intriguing linguists ever since, and has made me attempt to answer the question: What is the condition of modern Polish and Russian, which are languages with a rich literary tradition and solid grammatical norms, which belong to a group of synthetic languages? The analytical tendencies in morphology include the following: a decrease in the number of cases in all inflected parts of speech; a more frequent use of uninflected nouns and adjectives; the growing importance of nouns with common gender, and, in particular, the use of forms of masculine gender to depict feminine gender; differences in expressing collectiveness in a group of nouns (using collective meaning for forms that have singular meaning; substituting case forms with prepositions; substituting case forms with subordinate clauses; substituting case forms with “helper” words. Analytical tendencies in the area of numeral functioning include: substituting inflected forms of ordinal numerals with cardinal ones; the gradual disappearing inflection of numerals; confusing the forms of noun cases after numerals; the disappearing declination of collective numerals; displacing other cases with so-called simple cases; changing the syntactical position which the numeral should be inflected in; abandoning the declination of first elements of collective numerals. During the study of analytic tendencies in morphology, it was necessary to examine personal pronouns as this part of speech seems to be the most stable as far as other forms except nominative are concerned. Having analysed the material, it can be claimed that analitism in Slavic pronouns is observed at the level of the replacement of short forms with full ones, through the use of various forms after prepositions and eliminating all the alternative forms of personal pronouns. This review of analytic tendencies has also involved studying the article and its role in analytic languages, as the article is the area of a language which should be filled while the inflection disappears. Having analysed the material, I have concluded that there is a possibility that the article may appear in Polish and Russian.The most important part of speech in analytic languages is the preposition. An increase in the number of prepositional units is said to be an essential element of syntactic transformation in 20th century Polish and Russian i.e. their ongoing transformation from synthetic into analytic languages. In accordance with this tendency, secondary prepositions are gradually replacing proper prepositions and case forms in their traditional usage. The secondary preposition has been defined as a lexical unit, not being a preposition initially but used secondarily in this function. Such a definition requires adopting a functional perspective in the description, more so because the transformation of various language units (nouns, prepositional phrases, adverbs, conjunction, phraseological nexuses) into prepositions takes place gradually and the same set can be interpreted otherwise in different contexts. This comprehensive analysis of two modern Slavonic languages shows that the number of prepositional units in both languages has grown and is still increasing.
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Chorwacki przyimek prema w domenie przestrzeni fizycznej i jego polskie ekwiwalenty tłumaczeniowe

63%
Daković S.
Slavica Wratislaviensia
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2019
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vol. 169
121-135
EN
Croatian preposition prema in the spatial domain and its Polish translation equivalents This paper is an attempt to determine Polish translation equivalents of the Croatian preposition prema (towards) in the spatial domain. The corpus has been collected from pieces of modern Croatian prose translated into Polish. We enumerate Polish equivalents and focus on the most frequent: w stronę + gen., do + gen., na + acc. and ku + dat., by analyzing usage context of prepositions.
HR
Hrvatski prijedlog prema u domeni fizičkog prostora i njihovi poljski prijevodni ekvivalenti Članak je pokušaj utvrđivanja poljskih prijevodnih ekvivalenata hrvatskog prijedloga prema u domeni fizičkog prostora. Materijal se osniva na paralelnom korpusu koji se sastoji od hrvatskih suvremenih književnih djela i njihovih poljskih prijevoda. U slučaju najučestalijih ekvivalenata: w stronę + gen., do + gen., na + acc. i ku + dat. dodatno se određuje konkurentnost kroz istraživanje njihova značenja i konteksta uporabe.
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PRZYIMKI W WYROKACH UNIJNYCH I KRAJOWYCH – ANALIZA KORPUSOWA DYSTRYBUCJI I FUNKCJI PRZYIMKÓW PROSTYCH, ZŁOŻONYCH I WTÓRNYCH

38%
KOŹBIAŁ D.
Comparative Legilinguistics
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2018
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vol. 35
89-119
EN
The article aims to examine the distribution of simple, complex and secondary prepositions in EU judgments (based on a corpus of judgments of the Court of Justice and the General Court) and domestic judgments (based on a corpus of judgments of the Polish Supreme Court) against general Polish (based on a balanced version of the Polish National Corpus), and to analyze the functions of complex and secondary prepositions. The results confirmed the hypothesis that the high distribution of prepositions in judgments against a representative sample of general Polish is a generic feature of judgments. In addition, it was established that the phraseological profile of EU judgments differs from the profile of national judgments in terms of the distribution of prepositions and their specific functions. This may be the result of the impact of the translation process on target language texts and the scope of jurisdiction of the EU courts and the national court, both of which affect the subject matter of judgments.
PL
Artykuł ma na celu zbadanie dystrybucji przyimków prostych, złożonych i wtórnych w wyrokach unijnych (na podstawie korpusu wyroków Trybunału Sprawiedliwości i Sądu) i krajowych (na podstawie korpusu wyroków Sądu Najwyższego) na tle ogólnego języka polskiego (zrównoważona wersja Narodowego Korpusu Języka Polskiego), a także analizę funkcji przyimków złożonych i wtórnych. Uzyskane wyniki potwierdziły hipotezę, iż wysoka częstość występowania przyimków w  wyrokach na tle reprezentatywnej próby ogólnego języka polskiego stanowi ich swoistą cechę gatunkową. Ponadto stwierdzono, że profil frazeologiczny wyroków unijnych w zakresie dystrybucji przyimków i ich poszczególnych funkcji różni się od profilu wyroków krajowych. Może to  być wynikiem wpływu procesu tłumaczenia na kształt tekstów docelowych, a także zakresu kompetencji sądów unijnych i sądu krajowego, które wpływają na tematykę wydawanych wyroków.
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