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EN
Article addresses the problem of legacy of the New Left and its "failure". It addresses questions about strategic mistakes committed by non-institutionalized, left-wing activists of the sixties and systemic repressions to their actions. It finally renews hope for the rebirth of the struggle for a more just world.
EN
The article presents an analysis of the beginning of the conflict in the east of Ukraine and the effects affecting the economy of the country. Attempts have been made to find ways to reduce their impact due to the fact that the conflict can not be ended immediately.
EN
For long, the military was a cog in the wheel of democratic governance in Nigeria. Its intrusion into the politics of the nation resulted to its domination of the political space and imposition of arbitrary rule for an aggregate period of 29 years out of the nation’s 47 years of existence. The last disengagement of the military from politics was effected on 29, May 1999. The Fourth Republic was thus inaugurated, heralding yet another phase in the nation’s quest for democratic governance. The restoration of democratic rule was not achieved on a platter of gold. The military junta was subjected to intense domestic and international pressure. Along with myriad civil society groups, the church added its voice to the clamour for democracy. But inspite of its visible role in this struggle, the efforts of the church remain unsung. This study is intended partly as a redress for the marginal attention paid to the patriotic struggle of the church, but more significantly, it is an attempt to illuminate the increasing concern of the church with the secular welfare of its flock.
EN
The author presented the concept of Maria Ossowska’s ethics of struggle. He also analyzed her views on morally acceptable ways of struggle. What is more, the author showed the evolution of chivalric ethos and analyzed its historical conditionings. In conclusion, he states that the moral character of the struggle depends on honorable behaviors of its participants.
EN
The aim of this paper is to present the idea of violence in Nietzsche’s work, seen as a basic principle that organizes and unites different elements of his philosophy. Violence is one of its crucial categories, which he exploits in his descriptions and analyses of metaphysical, historical and social-cultural reality. In what follows, I shall examine different meanings and renditions of violence in Nietzsche, both in their negative as well as positive aspects. I shall start from an attempt to locate Nietzsche’s understanding of violence within the Western philosophical tradition. Then, I will discuss it in the light of the evolution of Nietzsche’s work. By analyzing the positive and constructive meaning of violence, I shall be able to conclude the essay by emphasizing that in Nietzsche’s political project violence acquires a spiritual and sublime nature.
EN
The article tries to answer three questions related to the tribes that came into conflict with the Bulgarian state during its expansion to the west in the first third of the 9th century. And the questions addressed in it are: 1. How many and which tribes were in conflict with the Bulgarian state?; 2. When were the lands of the Timociani annexed by the Bulgarian state?; 3. Where were the lands of the Abodriti-Praedenecenti and what caused the Bulgarian aggression towards them? After a thorough review and criticism of the sources and research on the issues under consideration, the following conclusions have been reached. From the beginning of the study of the problem how many tribes participated in the unrest against the Bulgarian state, P. Šafárik has the idea that among the tribes in the narrative sources, can be found other tribes as well. Thus appear the tribes of Bodriči (sounding, perhaps, like Krivichi), Kučani (Guduskani), Braničevci and others. After an assessment of the information in the Annales Regni Francorum, it turns out that the only tribes recorded in the source that had a clash with the Bulgarian state in the period were the Timociani and Abodriti-Praedenecenti. Since it is not directly related to the events that took place in 818, the question of when the Timociani lands were annexed to the Bulgarian state is hardly touched by the researchers. After research and exclusion of other possibilities, the thesis is defended that this could have happened recently after the Bulgarian conquest of Serdica in 809. With the inclusion of Serdica within the Bulgarian borders, Bulgaria controlled south of the Danube River not only the Danube plain but also the territories lying along the Thessaloniki-Danube axis. From this point on, the territories lying along this axis could be gradually taken over. Being further away from Byzantium, the lands located north of Sredets are more easily assimilated. It is in these territories that the Timociani fall. Given all the above, it can be assumed that it was after the capture and absorption of Sredets that the Bulgarian State looked northwest, but still south of the Danube river, where the Timociani lived. It seems that at this time an alliance was made with them, which turned out to be not particularly lasting. About the habitation of the Abodriti-Praedenecenti tribe in the information of 824, it is recorded that they lived in Danubian Dacia and were neighbours of the Bulgars. On the question of where this Dacia is located, which in its description does not correspond to any of the previously known Dacias, many hypotheses have been expressed, and in modern times most researchers are of the opinion that the lands of the Abodriti-Praedenecenti were located along the Left Bank of the river Danube, on the territory of modern Banat, i.e. east of the river Tisza. New evidence has been added to the localization of these habitations. In this case, the following question logically arises: provided that the Timociani lived on the Southern, Right Bank of the Danube, what caused the unfriendly relations of the Bulgarian state to the Abodriti-Praedenecenti living on the other side of the Big River? Given the size of the Danube River, it is quite difficult to cross and to transfer the fighting to the other bank of the Danube clearly should have had serious reasons. One of the possible explanations for this could be the transfer of the Timociani to their territory, on their way to the West, thus creating a casus belli for the Bulgars.
EN
‘You have the floor, Comrade Mauser’. Literature and engagement: Mayakovsky’s revolutionary poetry as a case studyThe Russian futurist poet Vladimir Mayakovsky was criticised not only by conservative or moderate critics and writers, but also by Bolshevik ideologists and activists. While moderate authors criticised Mayakovsky’s engagement in the communist movement and worried about the waste of his genius, the left-wing writers refused him the place among proletarians due to his improper social background. The article shows the similarities between these two strands of criticism and analyses why communist party was so hostile to the avant-garde revolutionary poetry.The aim of this text was to investigate why engaged literature is regarded as insincere, unnatural and inappropriate, and to analyse the relations between the poet’s words and their specific performative power, the revolutionary abuse and the utopian vision of new world. „Dzisiaj ma głos towarzysz Mauzer”. Rewolucyjna strategia literacka MajakowskiegoWłodzimierz Majakowski, rosyjski poeta futurystyczny, krytykowany był nie tylko przez krytyków i pisarzy o poglądach konserwatywnych lub umiarkowanych, lecz również przez ideologów oraz aktywistów bolszewickich. Autorzy o poglądach umiarkowanych wyrażali dezaprobatę wobec zaangażowania Majakowskiego w ruch komunistyczny i obawiali się, że geniusz się marnuje. Z kolei lewicowo nastawieni pisarze odmawiali Majakowskiemu miejsca pośród proletariuszy w związku z jego nieodpowiednim pochodzeniem. Niniejszy artykuł pokazuje podobieństwa łączące oba rodzaje krytyki, zawiera również próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie, dlaczego partia komunistyczna wykazywała tak daleko idącą wrogość w stosunku do awangardowej poezji rewolucyjnej.Celem artykułu było znalezienie odpowiedzi na pytanie, dlaczego literaturę zaangażowaną odbiera się jako nieszczerą, nieprzyzwoitą i nienaturalną, jak też przeanalizowanie relacji pomiędzy słowami poety, ich szczególną mocą performatywną, rewolucyjnym nadużyciem oraz utopijną wizją nowego świata.
Adeptus
|
2014
|
issue 3
19-32
EN
The paper looks at the major issues underlying devolution in the United Kingdom, i.e. a process whereby the historically diverse areas and regions constituting the seemingly uniform state have been slowly striving for independence, along with the formation of local, regional and even national identities. Hinging on the idea of ‘multicultural citizenship’, the paper seeks to analyse the ongoing public discourse centered on the gradual transfer of centralized London-based power to local and regional bodies across the UK. This discourse forms the pivotal background of devolution, overtly pointing to the idea of the so-called ‘new opening’ of the entire British political scene, clearly promoting the notion of strengthening the position of Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland, and English regions as increasingly autonomous geographical and cultural areas as part of a weakening monolith by the name of the United Kingdom. Resting almost entirely on historic tensions between British identity and Scottish identity, it is made clear that the Scottish public debate has basically neglected the issues of the assimilation of its cultural minorities with the ‘post-devolution’ reality. The devolution discourse stems from the rancorous debates and polemics which have taken place throughout the three hundred years of the Scottish and English Union, covering several social and political contexts, including the growing demands voiced by the SNP. Indeed, it has a major impact on the formation of Scots’ national distinctiveness alongside Scotland’s gradual emergence as a separate part of the British Isles.
PL
Artykuł omawia główne zagadnienia leżące u podstaw procesu dewolucyjnego w Zjednoczonym Królestwie, tj. stopniowego uniezależniania się historycznych krain – regionów współtworzących to pozornie jednolite państwo, oraz tworzenie się w tym procesie tożsamości lokalnych, regionalnych, a nawet narodowych. Bazując na pojęciu „obywatelstwa wielokulturowego”, dokonano analizy podjętego w tym państwie ożywionego dyskursu publicznego w kwestiach związanych ze stopniowym przekazywaniem władzy skupionej centralnie – w Londynie – instytucjom lokalnym i regionalnym. Dyskurs ten stanowi istotne zaplecze procesu dewolucji, wyraźnie wskazując na ideę tzw. „nowego otwarcia” całej brytyjskiej sceny politycznej, jednoznacznie promując umacnianie pozycji Szkocji, Walii i Irlandii Północnej oraz angielskich regionów jako niezależnych obszarów geograficzno-kulturowych w ramach słabnącego monolitu państwowego Zjednoczonego Królestwa. Dyskurs dewolucyjny ma swe źródła w burzliwych debatach i polemikach toczących się w ciągu trzystu lat istnienia unii angielsko-szkockiej. Obejmuje wiele środowisk społecznych i politycznych, w tym rosnącą w siłę Szkocką Partię Narodową (SNP) i ma istotny wpływ na kształtowanie się poczucia narodowej odrębności Szkotów oraz stopniowego umacniania pozycji tego „regionu – obszaru – kraju” na Wyspach Brytyjskich. Artykuł przybliża istotę dążeń odśrodkowych na przykładzie Szkocji, której coraz bardziej wyraziste dążenia niepodległościowe – ich apogeum jest zaplanowane na wrzesień referendum niepodległościowe – oznaczać będą istotne zmiany konstytucyjne, stanowiąc poważne wyzwanie dla spójności całego Zjednoczonego Królestwa. W ten sposób uwidacznia się istotny z punktu widzenia spójności kulturowej problem przyszłości tego państwa w obliczu możliwych dalszych zmian terytorialnych.
EN
A struggle in the peripheries: a few remarks on devolution in the UKThe paper looks at the major issues underlying devolution in the United Kingdom, i.e. a process whereby the historically diverse areas and regions constituting the seemingly uniform state have been slowly striving for independence, along with the formation of local, regional and even national identities. Hinging on the idea of ‘multicultural citizenship’, the paper seeks to analyse the ongoing public discourse centered on the gradual transfer of centralized London-based power to local and regional bodies across the UK. This discourse forms the pivotal background of devolution, overtly pointing to the idea of the so-called ‘new opening’ of the entire British political scene, clearly promoting the notion of strengthening the position of Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland, and English regions as increasingly autonomous geographical and cultural areas as part of a weakening monolith by the name of the United Kingdom. Resting almost entirely on historic tensions between British identity and Scottish identity, it is made clear that the Scottish public debate has basically neglected the issues of the assimilation of its cultural minorities with the ‘post-devolution’ reality. The devolution discourse stems from the rancorous debates and polemics which have taken place throughout the three hundred years of the Scottish and English Union, covering several social and political contexts, including the growing demands voiced by the SNP. Indeed, it has a major impact on the formation of Scots’ national distinctiveness alongside Scotland’s gradual emergence as a separate part of the British Isles. Walka na peryferiach: kilka uwag na temat procesu dewolucji w Wielkiej BrytaniiArtykuł omawia główne zagadnienia leżące u podstaw procesu dewolucyjnego w Zjednoczonym Królestwie, tj. stopniowego uniezależniania się historycznych krain – regionów współtworzących to pozornie jednolite państwo, oraz tworzenie się w tym procesie tożsamości lokalnych, regionalnych, a nawet narodowych. Bazując na pojęciu „obywatelstwa wielokulturowego”, dokonano analizy podjętego w tym państwie ożywionego dyskursu publicznego w kwestiach związanych ze stopniowym przekazywaniem władzy skupionej centralnie – w Londynie – instytucjom lokalnym i regionalnym. Dyskurs ten stanowi istotne zaplecze procesu dewolucji, wyraźnie wskazując na ideę tzw. „nowego otwarcia” całej brytyjskiej sceny politycznej, jednoznacznie promując umacnianie pozycji Szkocji, Walii i Irlandii Północnej oraz angielskich regionów jako niezależnych obszarów geograficzno-kulturowych w ramach słabnącego monolitu państwowego Zjednoczonego Królestwa. Dyskurs dewolucyjny ma swe źródła w burzliwych debatach i polemikach toczących się w ciągu trzystu lat istnienia unii angielsko-szkockiej. Obejmuje wiele środowisk społecznych i politycznych, w tym rosnącą w siłę Szkocką Partię Narodową (SNP) i ma istotny wpływ na kształtowanie się poczucia narodowej odrębności Szkotów oraz stopniowego umacniania pozycji tego „regionu – obszaru – kraju” na Wyspach Brytyjskich. Artykuł przybliża istotę dążeń odśrodkowych na przykładzie Szkocji, której coraz bardziej wyraziste dążenia niepodległościowe – ich apogeum jest zaplanowane na wrzesień referendum niepodległościowe – oznaczać będą istotne zmiany konstytucyjne, stanowiąc poważne wyzwanie dla spójności całego Zjednoczonego Królestwa. W ten sposób uwidacznia się istotny z punktu widzenia spójności kulturowej problem przyszłości tego państwa w obliczu możliwych dalszych zmian terytorialnych.
EN
The paper presents the research on the Role of the Prosecutor of Ukraine in the national system of counteracting terrorism. In the paper the author undertook an attempt of the analysis of Ukraine legislative system in the field of current (as of 30/09/2018) legal tools to counter terrorism, including Constitution of Ukraine, Prosecutor of Ukraine Law, National Security Law and the Act on combating terrorism.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony został badaniu roli Prokuratury Ukrainy w krajowym systemie przeciw-działania terroryzmowi. W artykule autor podjął próbę analizy ustawodawstwa Ukrainy w zakresie aktualnych (wg stanu dzień 30.09.2018r.) narzędzi prawnych do przeciwdziałania terroryzmowi m.in. Konstytucji Ukrainy, Ustawy o prokuratorze Ukrainy, Ustawy o bezpie-czeństwie narodowym Ukrainy oraz Ustawy o zwalczaniu terroryzmowi.
EN
The purpose of this article is the analysis, classification and synthesis of the historical literature on peasant insurgent movement on Chyhyryn area in the late 10th – early 20th of the XX century; figuring out the correct use of the term “Holodny Yar Republic” as the name of the peasant insurgent organization on Chyhyrynshchyna. For the study of Ukrainian historiography was used comparative method. The author uses both general scientific methods (systemic) and speculation: historical-chronological, comparative-historical, typological, problem-chronological approach. The Ukrainian historiography of peasant insurgency in Chyhyrynshchyna can be divided according to this principle: works of direct participants and contemporaries of peasant liberation struggle, published mainly in Ukrainian diaspora and scientific research, carried out by Ukrainian historians in the years of Ukrainian independence. The problem of investigation of the peasant insurgency of the Kholodny Yar became widely popular after the publication of the memories of Y. Horlis-Horsky in the 1930s. Memories of the author were supplemented by the writings of M. Doroshenko, I. Liuty-Liutenko. Information about insurgent struggle in Chyhyrynshchyna contained in the memoirs of Ukrainian military leaders: N. Omelianovych-Pavlenko, Y. Tiutiunnyk, O. Vyshnivsky, O. Dotsenko, P. Diachenko, N. Avramenko, V. Simiantsev. In the years of Ukrainian independence the interest to peasant insurgency in Kholodny Yar has grown significantly. Access to archival materials, dedicated to the liberation struggle of Ukrainian people, has strengthened spring base of the research. Among modern researchers who have considered in their writings the issues of insurgency in Kholodny Yar, an important place is occupied by R. Koval. The topic of the insurgent movement in Kholodny Yar reflected in publications of M. Bukhalska, V. Dmytruk, V. Marayev, V. Savchenko, P. Stehniy and other researchers. The term “Holodnoyarska Republic” is not correct in scientific terms. The members of insurgents movement in Kholodny Yar had never proclaimed own “Republic”. They fought not for a small area around Kholodny Yar, but for the liberation of Ukraine, part of which they themselves believed. The topic of peasant insurgency in Kholodny Yar area has not yet been disclosed finally, researchers have work to do. The article may be useful for historians, educators and anyone interested in the history of the liberation struggle in Ukraine.
PL
W 1960 r. w Nowej Hucie miały miejsce zajścia, które historycy zwykli określać mianem "walk o krzyż". W swojej krótkiej pracy postanowiłem przybliżyć te niezwykle dramatyczne wydarzenia w najmłodszej dzielnicy Krakowa. Powołując się na wypowiedzi świadków i uczestników zajść wykazałem, że 27. kwietnia 1960 r. w Nowej Hucie mieliśmy obraz wojny. Doszło do starć zbrojnych ze służbami porządkowymi, nie obyło się bez rannych (nie wiemy czy byli zabici). W pracy przedstawiłem też genezę tych wydarzeń zaznaczając, że społeczeństwo nowohuckie poczuło się oszukane cofnięciem zgody na budowę kościoła. Pomysł tematyki tekstu zrodził się w związku z 50-tą rocznicą "rewolucji nowohuckiej".
EN
In the year of 1960 in Nowa Huta took place the incidents, which historians usually call “the struggles for the cross”. In my brief paper I decided to examine those remarkably dramatic events in the newest district of Cracow. Referring to the statements of the witnesses and participants of the incidents I prove that on the 27th of April of 1960 Nowa Huta constituted a warlike image. There was armed struggle with the armed services, there were also wounded victims (it is not known whether there were any killed). In the paper I also present the genesis of the events emphasizing that the community of Nowa Huta felt cheated by the withdrawal of the permission for the construction of a church. The idea for the essay was born in regard to the 50th anniversary of the “revolution of Nowa Huta”.
EN
In the article we studied the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church as an integral part, a national factor in the religious process of the Ukrainians, living in western regions of the USSR during the 1960s and 1970s. The research gave a comprehensive analysis of the place and role of the church in nation-building and preservation of ethnic and national identity of the titular representatives of the Ukraine’s nation during the Soviet anti-religious campaign. We described the activities of the Greek Catholic clergy, whose aim was the consolidation of national-patriotic forces and the formation of religious opposition among the Ukrainians. The article also outlined the policy vectors of the atheistic communist ruling elite and revealed their essence, covered violent reorientation of Greek Catholics to Orthodoxy. In terms of religious oppression and persecution, the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church continued its development of underground and become a consolidating factor in Western Ukrainian struggle for their national and religious rights. It has become an important factor in ethnicity creation and a spiritual and cultural self of the Ukrainian people.
14
63%
RU
Автор воспринимает современное демократическое общество как борьбу между либерализмом и христианством. Либерализм он видит как изощренную культуру отчуждения, а христианство – как приходящую в упадок культуру истины. Автор вместо демократии, которая опирается на отчуждении и обмане, постулирует политическую борьбу как заботу о собственных интересах, которые ограничены социумом и первенством сверхчеловеческого фактора.
EN
The author sees modern democratic society as a fight between liberalism and Christianity. He sees liberalism as a sophisticated culture of alienation; in Christianity he sees the declining culture of truth. Instead of democracy, referring to alienation and to lying, the author postulates a political struggle as a concern for self-interest, limited by the idea of the social community and the primacy of superhuman factor.
EN
Through His incarnation, Christ sanctified all of material creation, including the human body, which thereby became a channel of God’s grace. This theme of the glorified body is central to patristic and ascetic spirituality. Thus, Climacus adopts a similar attitude and represents the body as a “friend,” an “ally,” an “assistant” and a “defender.” Climacus’ theology in no way negates the meaning of the body though he speaks of three different, yet fundamentally similar, ways of carrying out this ascetic struggle: isolation (apotagê, kseniteia), the “royal” way and mortification. Although the body was destroyed by original sin, it is not by its nature sinful or sacred; but it may be sanctified. John Climacus simply informs his readers that transfiguration is possible here and now.
16
51%
EN
The year of 2018 sees the Centennial of independence, which should foster reflection on who we are and what we are like? I have already wondered if we are tolerant, and if not, why? I do not support the flowing stream of complacency about our uniqueness, which supposedly sets us in a position of a “spiritual” leader of the region with clear pan-European aspirations. Instead of a serious dialogue, social divisions are deepening with each passing day, and the view of “those who are not for us are against us” proves widespread. We have a difficult history behind us, but we are unable to talk about, and if we do, we draw “ammunition” from it for accusations and slanders. Why? What seemed a major, and finally the bloodless success of Poles following 1989, is today open to contempt and speculation, with a slander of treason implied in the background, a treason of who and what? These are just some of the questions that come under a wider problem of culture of our everyday life. Overwhelmed with the burden of duties, we tend to ignore it, even though its is worthwhile to notice it, because not everything can be “shouted out” in the Capital City.
PL
Jesteśmy w roku jubileuszu stulecia odzyskania niepodległości. Rocznica ta powinna być dla nas okazją do refleksji nad tym, kim i jacy jesteśmy. Już wcześniej pytałem o to, czy jesteśmy tolerancyjni, a jeśli nie, to dlaczego. Nie podzielam płynącej szerokim strumieniem fali samozadowolenia wynikającej z przekonania o naszej wyjątkowości, która rzekomo stawia nas w roli „duchowego” przywódcy regionu, przywódcy z wyraźnymi aspiracjami ogólnoeuropejskimi. Zamiast poważnego dialogu mamy podziały społeczne pogłębiające się każdego dnia, bo przecież „kto nie z nami, ten wróg”. Mamy za sobą trudną historię, o której nie potrafimy rozmawiać, a jeśli już próbujemy, to czerpiemy z niej „amunicję” do oskarżeń i pomówień. Dlaczego? To, co wydawało się największym, bo wreszcie bezkrwawym sukcesem Polaków po 1989 roku, jest dziś przedmiotem pogardy i spekulacji, w których tle czai się pomówienie o zdradę – ale kogo i dlaczego?
EN
‘The monk’s Home is his ‘tomb before the tomb… For no one leaves the tomb until the general resurrection. But if some depart, know that they have died’. The monk lives as though dead on the earth yet. Climacus highlights the profound importance of understanding the practices like ‘remembrance of death’ and metaphorical usage of ‘death’ for interpreting the ideals and tools of Christian asceticism. For John Climacus, the event and concept of death provide the organizing logic for ascetic life – principles according to which the monk can make progress by guarding his heart, by repentance and cry, prayer, struggle, and humility.
PL
Artykuł zawiera propozycję nowego spojrzenia na prakseologię. Prakseologia klasyczna czy też tradycyjna (odwołująca się przede wszystkim do dzieł Tadeusza Kotarbińskiego i – w mniejszej mierze – do Ludwiga von Misesa) poszukiwała ogólnych zasad sprawnego działania, ważnych w różnych dziedzinach czy formach aktywności ludzkiej. W artykule stawiam tezę, że takie zasady zapewne istnieją, ale mają bardzo ogólny charakter i z tego powodu są mało przydatne czy też mało operacyjne. Nowe podejście polega na tym, że na system ludzkiego (społecznego) działania składają się trzy podsystemy, cechujące się odmiennymi: „gramatyką czynu”, rozumieniem nakładów i efektów oraz rachunkiem efektywności. Poszukiwać więc należy nie jednego, lecz trzech odmiennych zestawów zasad sprawnego działania. Te trzy podsystemy to: współpraca, walka i rywalizacja. Współpraca jest grą o sumie dodatniej; walka grą o sumie ujemnej; rywalizacja grą o sumie zerowej (stałej). Cechują się one nie tylko odmienną „gramatyką”, ale również odmienną etyką i estetyką.
EN
The article proposes a new view of praxiology. Classical or traditional praxiology (referring primarily to the works of Tadeusz Kotarbinski and – to a lesser extent – to Ludwig von Mises) sought general principles of efficient action, important in various fields or forms of human activity. In the article I put forward the thesis that such rules probably exist, but they are of a very general nature and therefore they are difficult to operationalize. The new approach is that the system of human (social) action consists of three subsystems, each with a different „grammar of action”, a different understanding of inputs and outputs, and a different estimation of effectiveness. So you should look for not one, but three different sets of principles for efficient action. The three subsystems are: cooperation, struggle and rivalry. Collaboration is a positive sum game; struggle is a negative sum game; rivalry is a zero-sum (constant) game. They are not only characterized by different „grammar”, but also different ethics and aesthetics.
EN
The so-called “accursed” soldiers were defeated in military terms by the new occupant, but achieved a moral victory because they defended freedom, sovereignty, religion, the Marian cult and patriotic traditions. The Catholic faith had an important meaning for them in this context. It helped them resist the sovietization of Poland and her subordination to the USSR. Thus medallions presenting the image of the Black Madonna of Częstochowa or Our Lady of Ostra Brama were also a part of their struggle. The latter image particularly accompanied soldiers from the Eastern Borderlands of the Polish Commonwealth. It was not until after the war that the new communist leaders completed eliminated medallions from the Polish army.
PL
Żołnierze Wyklęci ulegli zbrojnie nowemu okupantowi, ale odnieśli moralne zwycięstwo, ponieważ bronili wolności, suwerenności, religii, kultu maryjnego i patriotycznych tradycji. W tym kontekście duże znaczenie dla nich miała wiara katolicka, która pomagała im stawić opór wobec sowietyzacji Polski i podporządkowaniu jej Związkowi Sowieckiemu. Dlatego też w ich walkę wpisały się ryngrafy z wizerunkiem Matki Bożej Częstochowskiej lub Ostrobramskiej. Ta ostania towarzyszyła żołnierzom szczególnie na Kresach Wschodnich Rzeczpospolitej. Dopiero w okresie powojennym nowa komunistyczna władza całkowicie wyeliminowała ryngrafy z polskiego wojska.
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