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La organización de los sistemas temporales del espanol y del polaco: análisis contrastivo de los tiempos verbales

100%
Nowikow W.
Studia Iberystyczne
|
2012
|
vol. 11
119-134
EN
The paper discusses differences between Polish and Spanish tense systems. It takes into account parameters such as the quantity and the systemic organization of time (temporary relationship and reference), the existence of the compound tenses subsystem, temporal mono- and biaxiality; dislocation (displacement) of tenses. The comparison is performed by considering the typological differences between Spanish and Polish languages.
2
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L’uso dei tempi e dei modi, traduzione delle espressioni fisse, idiomatiche e metaforiche e cambiamenti dei costrutti frasali nella versione polacca de «I dodici abati di Challant». Come superare i limiti di un sistema linguistico

76%
Salmeri C.
Studia Romanica Posnaniensia
|
2013
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vol. 40
|
issue 3
81-94
EN
The purpose of this paper is to present a comparative analysis of a novel written in Italian by Laura Mancinelli, 'The Twelve Abbots of Challant', and its translation into Polish prepared by Maciej Brzozowski. Focusing on a few examples, such as the use of grammatical tenses and moods, differences in the syntax, and the problems of translating idiomatic and metaphoric expressions, the paper aims to compare the author’s style with that of the translator. The task undertaken by the translator seems very hard indeed from the very beginning due to considerable differences between the Italian and Polish languages in the use of tenses and moods. While the Italian grammar uses four moods, eight simple and seven compound tenses, the frugal Polish grammar makes with just three modes, one compound and three simple tenses. The discussion will clearly illustrate that thanks to some modifications it was possible to translate and preserve the meaning and the spirit of the Italian grammar and style.
3
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Constructing catalogue of temporal situations

75%
Koseska-Toszewa V., Mazurkiewicz A.
Cognitive Studies
|
2010
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issue 10
EN
Constructing catalogue of temporal situationsThe paper is aiming to create a common basis for description, comparing, and analysis natural languages. As a subject of comparison we have chosen temporal structures of some languages. For such a choice there exists a perfect tool, describing basic temporal phenomena, namely an ordering of states and events in time, certainty and uncertainty, independency of histories of separate objects, necessity and possibility. This tool is supported by the Petri nets formalism, which seems to be well suited for expressing the above mentioned phenomena. Petri nets are built form three primitive notions: of states, of events that begin or end the states, and so-called flow relation indicating succession of states and events. This simple constituents give rise to many possibilities of representing temporal phenomena; it turns out that such representations are sufficient for many (clearly, not necessarily all) temporal situations appearing in natural languages.In description formalisms used till now there is no possibility of expressing such reality phenomena as temporal dependencies in compound statement, or combination of temporality and modality. Moreover, using these formalisms one cannot distinguish between two different sources of uncertainty of the speaker while describing the reality: one, due to the lack of knowledge of the speaker what is going on in outside world, the second, due to objective impossibility of foreseen ways in which some conflict situations will be (or already have been) resolved. Petri net formalism seems to be perfectly suited for such differentiations.There are two main description principles that encompassed this paper. First, that assigns meaning to names of grammatical structures in different languages may lead to misunderstanding. Two grammatical structures with apparently close names may describe different reality. Additionally, some grammatical terms used in one language may be absent and not understandable in the other. It leads to assign meanings to situations, rather than to linguistic forms used for their expression. The second principle is limit the discussed issues to such a piece of reality that can be possible for precise description. The third is to avoid introducing such information to the described reality that is not explicitly mentioned by linguistic means. The authors try to following these principles in the present paper.The paper is organized as follows. First, some samples of situations related to present tense are given together with examples of their expressions in four languages: English, (as a reference language) and three Slavic languages, representing South slavonic languages (Bulgarian), West slavonic languages (Polish), and East slavonic languages (Russian). Within the same framework the next parts of the paper are constructed, supplying samples of using Past tenses and, finally, future tenses and modalities.The formal tools for description purposes are introduced stepwise, according to needs caused be the described reality. There are mainly Petri nets, equipped additionally with inscriptions or labeling in order to keep proper assignations of description units to described objects.
4

Aspektualność i consecutio temporum w języku niderlandzkim i polskim

63%
Flor-Górecka A.
Roczniki Humanistyczne
|
2016
|
vol. 64
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issue 6: Językoznawstwo
7-30
PL
Język niderlandzki, stający się coraz bardziej popularnym językiem obcym w Polsce, należy do języków germańskich, które są temporalne. Język polski należy do języków słowiańskich, które są aspektualne. W języku polskim istnieją trzy czasy gramatyczne: czas teraźniejszy, przeszły i przyszły, czasownik zasadniczo może być dokonany bądź niedokonany. W języku niderlandzkim istnieje według tradycyjnego ujęcia osiem czasów, cztery z nich są voltooid, czyli przedstawiające sytuację bądź akcję jako zakończoną, i cztery – onvoltooid, przedstawiające sytuację bądź akcję w czasie jej trwania. Aspekt jako obowiązkowa kategoria morfologiczna nie istnieje. To, czy czasownik w danym zdaniu jest dokonany czy też nie, zależy od innych części zdania.
EN
In Poland, Dutch is becoming gradually a popular foreign language. It belongs to the Germanic languages, which have a verbal system with tenses. Polish is a Slavonic language with an aspectual verb system. In Polish there are 3 grammatical tenses: present tense, future tense and past tense. Polish verbs can be used in a perfective and an imperfective aspect. In Dutch we have 8 tenses. Four of them are voltooid (perfect) describing the situation or action as completed and the other four are onvoltooid (imperfect), they describe the situation or action as continuous or progressive. As all Germanic languages, Dutch lost aspect as an obligatory grammatical category. The perfective and imperfective aspect of the verb depends on other parts of the sentence.
5
Content available remote

Na czym polega upływ czasu?

51%
Gołosz J.
Diametros
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2012
|
issue 34
2-21
PL
Celem artykułu jest pokazanie, skąd się biorą nasze trudności z wyjaśnieniem, na czym polega upływ czasu oraz przedstawienie pewnej propozycji rozwiązania tego problemu opartej na koncepcji dynamicznego istnienia rzeczy, a rozwijającej ideę absolutnego stawania się. Rozważania oparte są na założeniu, że nasze podstawowe teorie metafizyczne – podobnie jak te stosowane w naukach przyrodniczych – powinny spełniać warunek spójności, prostoty oraz bogatej zawartości.
EN
The aim of the paper is to show the difficulties with which we are faced when we try to explain what the flow of time consists of. The paper proposes a solution to this problem based on the notion of the dynamic existence of things and the developing the idea of absolute becoming. It is assumed that our fundamental metaphysical theories should satisfy conditions of coherence, simplicity and richness of content similar to those satisfied by theories in the empirical sciences.
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