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Mäetagused
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2014
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vol. 56
127-154
EN
In the research into migration, push and pull factors have for a long time been in the foreground, in addition to integration and the acculturation of mobile people settling in receiving countries. The starting point for integration-centred research has been the fact that the new country of residence is, or should be, also a new home country for the migrants. In this context, the transnational networks of migrants have not received enough attention, multi-locality being regarded rather as an exception. However, during the last two decades researchers have started to stress the parallel relations that people have to two or more states, meaning that it is possible even to talk about a transnational turn in the interdisciplinary field of migration studies. Drawing on fieldwork material, this article explores the experiences of multi-local families, whose members live some or most of the time separated from each other, in the transnational social space in an Estonian–Finnish–northwest-Russian context. The main research material consists of forty interviews the author has made between the years 2001 and 2004. Interviewees are former Soviet immigrants living in Finland, on the one hand, and their family members living in the country of origin (Russian Karelia and Estonia), on the other. By using narrative research methods, the author explores narratives of migration and border crossing – the possibilities and difficulties related to going beyond them. The aim has been to study transnational family life and narrating mobility from the perspective of different family members, taking into account the experiences of relatives who stay behind as well as those of children, in addition to adult migrants. The author is especially interested in the changes in family (life) caused by migration and the role of family storytelling in coping with these challenges. Mobility is narrated differently depending on the situation and the position of the narrator. Even during the same interview the motivations for relocation are described in different ways, picturing both a spontaneous move and carefully thought out decision. Different aspects are stressed in the migration stories told by adult family members as compared to those of children, unexpectedness of migration being more important in the narratives of the younger generation. Family members staying in the country of origin are more willing to talk about the negative sides of transnational family life, as well as about the problems encountered when keeping in touch with relocated family members. When narrating migration and transnational family life, people have to take into consideration the standpoints, expectations and possible disapproval of their relatives, acquaintances and members of surrounding societies. People rarely talk about unsuccessful migration or about the negative sides of family life, although these aspects can also be moulded into a positive key narrative that helps a person continue with his/her life. With the help of stories, it can also be easier to put into words feelings and attitudes that would otherwise be difficult to express. Sometimes feelings are also described through the experiences of other family members, for example children. The migration stories told during the interviews concentrate on relocations that took place in the recent past. When talking about the forced relocations or other hardships in the family history, the stress is on survival, on coping with problems. The stories about the persistence and courage of previous generations can also help people to cope with the present-day difficulties. Interviewees are generally aware of the historical relocations of their family members, although forced migration has not always been openly talked about even in the family circle. Along with experiences, fears related to them are often passed to younger generations. Interviewees have, for example, mentioned their fears related to the possible closing of borders. A number of stories also describe people’s first visits to Finland, reflecting the dynamics between their ‘own’ and the ‘foreign’ worlds. When family members move to other countries, they can become foreigners in the eyes of the relatives who remain. This can be fostered by the problems related to keeping in touch, which have been touched upon especially by older family members who stay in the country of origin. Keeping up a cohesive family feeling across national borders brings its own challenges, with which transnational families must deal.
EN
The article is a part of a discussion about the efforts of the modern nation‑state to control individuals by circumscribing their mobility. The case study concerns a community from Mixteca region in Oaxaca, Mexico. The exclusion from the labor market contributed to national and international mobility of the community members. Because of their border crossing without the required state authorization migrants are labeled “illegal”. The U.S. nation‑state reduces them to what Giorgio Agamben has called “bare life”. Deportation is manifestation of total power that nation‑state holds over a deportable alien. In the first decade of the 21st century the number of removals equaled deportations during the Great Depression. Members of the transnational community, excluded both by “sending” and “receiving” states, seek ways to build the community’s welfare on their own. It is possible due to collective monetary remittances, which enable the realization of the communitarian goals. That is an example of political culture that constitutes the emerging transnational citizenship.
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EN
This article argues that it is central to consider the socialisation processes of migrant children in transnational settings when focusing on issues of integration and the transnationality of the next generation. A central experience of migrant children is that they grow up and are involved in both the emigration and immigration country (of their parents). Many of them circulate between Germany and Turkey several times and maintain multiple relationships across national borders when they are growing up. This has implications for their family relationships and educational careers in childhood, but beyond that it also has effects that are detectable into adulthood. The article shows that migrant children develop the potential and skills that enable them to live a transnational life. The question the article therefore addresses is whether and how a transnational childhood affects the transnationality and integration of the next generation in the adult life.
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Nowe studia modernistyczne

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EN
The main task of this article is to describe the new situation of modernist studies at the turn of the 20th century and an attempt to position this description in a broader history of criticism of modernism in art. The transformations in the studies into modernist literature have been characterized here in three aspects: expanding the time frame (going beyond the basic period of modernism from the end of the 19th c. until 1930s), spatial dimension (abandonment of a privileged position of research into West European and American modernism in favour of a transnational perspective) and vertical dimension (connected with the necessity to rethink the relationship high art-low art, and also the influence of mass media upon modernist literature).
EN
Key theories of international migrations: overview, critique and perspectivesThe article aims at critical review of the key theories of international migration. The starting point is the assumption that a critical review of theoretical literature is a necessary component of the research process, especially regarding such rapidly growing field as migration studies. The authors analyze the most important theories developed in migration studies (economic theories, structural-historical theories, migration networks and transnationalism) by pointing out their historical contexts, drawbacks and limitations. At the same time they indicate the new research perspectives, which include relations between migration theory and a broader social context as well as the dialectic of mobility and immobility. Główne teorie migracji międzynarodowych: przegląd, krytyka, perspektywyArtykuł ma na celu krytyczny przegląd głównych teorii migracji międzynarodowych. Punktem wyjścia jest założenie, że krytyczne przeglądy teoretycznej literatury stanowią niezbędny element procesu badawczego, zwłaszcza w tak żywiołowo rozwijającej się dziedzinie jak studia migracyjne. Autorzy analizują najważniejsze koncepcje wypracowane w ramach badań migracyjnych: teorie ekonomiczne, strukturalno-historyczne, sieci migracyjnych i transnacjonalizmu. Pokazują kontekst historyczny oraz wady i ograniczenia każdej z teorii wskazując nowe perspektywy badawcze: powiązania teorii migracji z szerszym kontekstem społecznym i dialektyką mobilności/braku mobilności.
PL
Klasyczne rozumienie obywatelstwa jako powiązanego z państwem i narodem zostaje zakwestionowane we współczesnych koncepcjach obywatelstwa transnarodowego oraz postnarodowego. Zgodnie z tymi koncepcjami, obywatelstwo podlega procesom „denacjonalizacji”: wykracza poza granice państwa narodowego.Analiza tych koncepcji pokazuje jednak, że – choć słusznie wskazują one na wiele nowych zjawisk – pozostają powiązane z państwem narodowym, a zwłaszcza z systemem prawnym na poziomie państwa. Celem poniższego artykułu jest wykazanie, że polityka państwa może bezpośrednio wpływać na wzmacnianie bądź osłabianie procesów transnacjonalizacji i postnacjonalizacjiobywatelstwa.
EN
The classical understanding of citizenship as connected with a state and a nation is being questioned by contemporary theories of transnational and postnational citizenship. According to these theories, citizenship is affected by the processes of “denationalisation”: it reaches beyond the borders of a nation state. However, the analysis of such new concepts shows that – although they correctly point out to many new phenomena – they still remain connected with a nation state, especially with a legal system at the level of a state. The goal of this article is to show that state policies may directly influence the processes of transnationalisation and postnationalisation of citizenship, either strengthening or weakening them.
EN
The purpose of this article is to present travel themes in the work of Andrzej Stasiuk with reference to the theory of Jahan Ramazani, an American literary scholar at the University of Virginia, author of the book A Transnational Poetics (2009). Ramazani’s theory can be summarized thusly: traveling is the essence of literature, and certain works (mainly of poetry) contain features similar to a journey: they are dynamic, variable, and cross borders. From this perspective Andrzej Stasiuk, author of travel prose, can also be presented as a (trans)national writer, specific and simultaneously universal. If one had to establish a (trans)national literary canon,  Stasiuk could represent the area of Polish culture.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie podróżniczych wątków w twórczości Andrzeja Stasiuka na tle teorii Jahana Ramazaniego, amerykańskiego literaturoznawcy z University of Virginia, autora książki A Transnational Poetics (2009). Teoria Ramazaniego daje się streścić w następujący sposób: sensem literatury jest podróżowanie, a utwory – przede wszystkim poetyckie – posiadają cechy podobne do podróży, są dynamiczne, zmienne, przekraczają granice. W takiej perspektywie samego Andrzeja Stasiuka – autora prozy podróżniczej – można przedstawić jako pisarza (trans)narodowego, specyficznego, ale równocześnie uniwersalnego. Gdyby trzeba było ułożyć (trans)narodowy kanon literacki, to Stasiuk mógłby reprezentować obszar kultury polskiej.
EN
Based on grounded theory (Anselm Strauss and Barney glaser), this research project aims at interpreting narrative interviews with Polish female emigrants subjected to circular migration and presents transnational counseling situations. Author refers to various theoretical concepts such as transnationality and its types (linear, resource-based, reactive) as well as to counseling situations described as cooperation, battle (game), “bought friendship”, according to the classification elaborated by Alicja Kargulowa. In the concluding part, the author presents the ambiguous, complex, multidimensional dynamics of transnational counseling situations.
PL
Autorka w swoim projekcie badawczym, wykorzystując teorię ugruntowaną (Anselma Straussa i Barneya glasera) w interpretacji wywiadów narracyjnych Polek emigrantek praktykujących migrację cyrkulacyjną, przedstawia transnarodowe sytuacje poradnicze. Odwołuje się do wybranych pojęć teoretycznych, np. transnarodowości, i ich rodzajów (linearnej, opartej na zasobach, reaktywnej) oraz sytuacji poradniczych opisywanych przez Alicję Kargulową jako współdziałanie, walka (gra), zakupiona przyjaźń. W części końcowej pokazuje niejednoznaczną, złożoną, wielowątkową dynamikę transnarodowych sytuacji poradniczych.
EN
The article draws upon the practical experience of the authors with researching, developing, and curating the digital historical content for the online exhibition Frames of Reconstruction. In its first part, it reflects upon three main theoretical issues related to the realm of contemporary public history. Firstly, it investigates the open borders between the disciplines of academic and public history to position them in a dialogical relationship. Secondly, it pays attention to the importance and roles of visuals and the possibilities which the study of visual sources brings into public history projects. The iconosphere is discussed not only from a theoretical point of view, but also serves as the methodological grounding of the article. Lastly, the theoretical section opens up some basal theoretical and methodological questions brought to the area of public history by the extensive process of digitization. In relation to the online exhibition Frames of Reconstruction it mostly responds to the conceptualization of digital public history as offered by Serge Noiret (2018) and Andreas Fickers (2022) through his concept of digital hermeneutics. The analytical part then revolves around the critical examination of the authors’ own practical experience in the field of digital public history. Particularly, the collapse of the roles of researcher and curator is discussed along with the request for sustainability, transnationality, and democratic educational potential which can be seen as specific in the case of the medium of online exhibition.
EN
In the first part of the article the author presents her theoretical-methodological framework of the conducted research process. It is constituted of three elements: the conception of transnationality and the methodological basis for research of transnational networks, counsellogical reflection for identifying the subjects (counsellors and counsellees), counselling practices, acts and processes in the field of emigration as well as the method for analysis of drawings of networks by polish emigrants. In the second part of the article by employing the theoretical-methodological framework and on the basis of the collected evidential material (biographical interviews and drawings of the networks made by Polish emigrants), the author offers a typology of transnational counselling networks created by Polish people. In the concluding part some conclusions will be made. The different types of counselling subjects, processes, practices, and acts have influence on the structure, form and construction of the networks. The networks are hard to be generalized, they are very individual, transient, temporary, and they dissolve fast. The process of identification of transnational counselling networks should be treated as long-lasting and extended in time.
PL
W części pierwszej artykułu autorka przedstawia ramę teoretyczno-metodologiczną zrealizowanego procesu badawczego. Jej trzon stanowią trzy elementy: koncepcja transnarodowości i metodologiczne podstawy prowadzenia badań w obszarze transnarodowych sieci, poradoznawcza refleksja służąca do identyfikacji podmiotów (doradców i radzących się), praktyk, działań i procesów poradniczych w przestrzeni emigracyjnej oraz metoda analizy rysunków sieci wykonanych przez polskich emigrantów. W części drugiej przy wykorzystaniu ramy teoretyczno-metodologicznej i w oparciu o interpretację zebranego materiału badawczego (wywiady biograficzne rodaków i rysunki sieci), autorka proponuje typologię transnarodowych sieci poradniczych tworzonych przez Polaków. W zakończeniu zostają zamieszczone wnioski. O strukturze, kształcie i budowie sieci decyduje zróżnicowanie podmiotów, procesów, praktyk i działań poradniczych. Sieci wymykają się uogólnieniom, cechuje je wysokie zindywidualizowanie, krótkotrwałość, tymczasowość i szybki rozpad. Identyfikację transnarodowych sieci poradniczych należy traktować jako proces długotrwały i rozciągnięty w czasie.
EN
The article is an attempt to shed light on the problems identified by the researcher in the transnational environment of the second-generation Polish emigrants in Germany. The author begins by explaining the notion of a ‘problem’ in psychology and counselling studies, and the characteristics of the second generation of Polish emigrants in Germany. Interpreting the biographical narratives of emigrants, she shows the problems with which they struggled in the transnational space and the areas in which they needed counselling support. The author also refers to institutions offering counselling support. In conclusion, the article highlights growing demand for this type of support in various generations, communities and migrantcommunities.
PL
Artykuł jest próbą pokazania problemów identyfikowalnych w transnarodowym środowisku drugiego pokolenia polskich emigrantów w Niemczech. Autorka rozpoczyna od wyjaśnienia rozumienia problemu w psychologii i poradoznawstwie oraz charakterystyki drugiego pokolenia polskich emigrantów w Niemczech. Interpretując narracje biograficzne emigrantów wskazuje z jakimi problemami zmagali się w transnarodowej przestrzeni oraz w jakich obszarach potrzebowali poradniczego wsparcia. Przywołuje również podmioty oferujące poradnicze wsparcie. W zakończeniu podkreśla rosnące zapotrzebowanie na ten rodzaj wsparcia w różnych pokoleniach, społecznościach i wspólnotach migranckich.
PL
Celem artykułu jest opis i wyjaśnienie zjawiska międzynarodowej przestępczości zorganizowanej. Przestępczość to zjawisko złożone, w ramach którego można swoiście „kon-trolować” społeczeństwo, a funkcjonowanie zorganizowanych grup przestępczych to w dużej mierze działalność społeczno-polityczno-gospodarcza, ukierunkowana na osiągnięcie zysku. W trosce o swoich obywateli, a także o bezpieczeństwo finansowe i gospodarcze, każde pań-stwo musi tworzyć mechanizmy zabezpieczające oraz chroniące przed tymi procederami. Wymaga to ścisłej współpracy organów krajowych oraz instytucji między-narodowych powo-łanych do przeciwdziałania i zwalczania transnarodowych grup przestępczych.
EN
The aim of the article is to present and describe a phenomenon of transnational or-ganized crime. Crime is a complex phenomenon in which you can “control” society and the functioning of organized criminal groups is largely the socio-political-economic activity fo-cused on financial benefits. For the sake of citizens as well as financial and economic security, each state has to create mechanisms safeguarding and protecting against these practices. This requires close cooperation between national and international institutions appointed to counter-acting and combating transnational criminal groups.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł jest częścią szerszej debaty, która odżyła aktualnie wśród specjalistów od migracji kubańskiej na temat potrzeby zmian w prawie migracyjnym zarówno kubańskim jak i USA, które umożliwiłyby m. in. swobodny wyjazd i wjazd do kraju obywatelom Kuby.
EN
This article is part of a large debate, which revived currently among the Cuban migration specialists, about the need for some radical migration law changes in both countries: the United States and Cuba, which would include, among other, free exit and entry to the Cuban’s citizens to Cuba.
EN
This article discusses Rossella Ferrari’s book Transnational Chinese Theatres: Intercultural Performance Networks in East Asia. This research monograph by a scholar of Chinese theaters focuses on characterizing transnational artist networks in East Asia. Investigating theater collaborations of artists from China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong, Ferrari proposes a transnational and rhizomatic model for analyzing Sinophone culture. The book makes use of multiple sources not referenced in previous research, unpublished materials, and interviews. Ferrari explicitly dissociates herself from the orientalization of Eastern theaters; as her main method in researching them, she chooses Asia itself, following the Taiwanese cultural sociologist Chen Kuan-hsing (Asia as method) and listening carefully to the voice of Chinese theaters.
PL
Artykuł omawia książkę Rosselli Ferrari Transnational Chinese Theatres: Intercultural Performance Networks in East Asia. Monografia badaczki chińskich teatrów koncentruje się charakterystyce sieci artystycznych powiązań transnarodowych w Azji Wschodniej. Ferrari, badając współpracę teatralną twórców z Chin, Tajwanu czy Hongkongu, proponuje ponadnarodowy i rizomatyczny model analizowania kultury sinofonicznej. W książce wykorzystano liczne nieprzytaczane dotąd w badaniach źródła, niepublikowane materiały i wywiady. Ferrari wyraźnie odcina się od orientalizowania teatrów Wschodu, a jako główną metodę w ich badaniu obiera, za tajwańskim socjologiem kultury Chen Kuan-hsingiem, właśnie Azję (Asia as method) i uważnie wsłuchuje się w głos teatrów chińskich.
EN
Introduction to essay cluster Transnational Pathways of Eurasian Performance Arts.
PL
Wprowadzenie do bloku tematycznego poświęconego transnarodowym i transkulturowym euroazjatyckim projektom teatralnym i performatywnym.
EN
The author of this article discusses the question to what extent Lucius Annaeus Seneca – born in Hispania, and today exceptionally venerated in this country as a precursor of the “Spanish” mentality – felt he belonged to this land, and to what extent his feelings towards it were expressed in his writings. An analysis of his creative output leads to the conclusion that he felt little affection for the land of Hispania, since in his writings there are almost no references to it, and perhaps the only trace of his connection with his native country is his youthful epigram Ad Cordubam, in which, however, he shows more warmth towards himself than towards the city. The perceived lack of any more significant declarations of “Spanish” nationality, however, does not so much testify to his pettiness as to his stoic distance from the ethnic and political barriers that divide the community of mankind that constitutes a whole for him.
PL
Badanie jednostki w społecznościach lokalnych, eksploracja odmiennych kultur nie wymaga od antropologa dalekich podróży. „Egzotyczne” społeczności porzuciły swoje ojczyzny i pojawiły się w ośrodkach miejskich w poszukiwaniu lepszej przyszłości i przestrzeni, w której mogli czuć się swobodnie. Na ulicach europejskich miast można spotkać przedstawicieli różnych ras, narodowości, ludzi odmiennych wyznaniowo, światopoglądowo. Metropolie stały się tyglami kulturowym, zbiorowiskiem rozmaitych tożsamości. Migracje zarobkowe oraz napływ uchodźców zmieniły charakter europejskich miast i istniejących w nich układów kulturowych.
EN
The goal of this article is to characterized the functioning of diasporas and transnationalism which are increasingly difficult to distinguish from each other. Important thesis of submitted paper is the conclusion that the meaning of transnationalism and diaspora must be inferred from their actual uses. Studying individuals in local communities and exploring other cultures doesn‘t require long travels from an anthropologist. ‚Exotic‘ communities left their countries of origin and came to urban centres in search of better future and comfortable space. Representatives of various nationalities, ethnicities, religions and ideas cohabit in European cities today. Metropoles became a melting pot of various cultural identities. Economic migration and immigrant influx is changing the character of European cities and their cultural balance.
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