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EN
This study is based on an intralingual analysis of quantitative and qualitative valences of German nouns, verbs and adjectives belonging to a specific semantic field: feelings. The examples and lexical analysis are taken from the German corpus COSMAS IDS-Mannheim (Language Institute). From a methodological point of view, the work is based on dependency and valency grammar and its main objective focuses on detecting and identifying the common features and the main differences between nouns and their semantic fi eld for verbal and adjectival variants, which will allow us to establish rules for use and combination patterns. This analysis could be of vital importance working on the principle that information based on the comparison between different parts of speech might facilitate the learning of the German language by foreign students.
EN
This article deals with the dichotomy of static and dynamic valency. Although the attribute static means constancy and characteristic dynamic is most associated with changeability and variantibility, both types of verbal valence show (although very different) fixed and variable aspects. Quite obviously this is related to the specificity of valency – to its multilayered qualities. This paper presents attempts to show in what sense static valency implies variantibility, and what fixed and what variable aspects are included in dynamic valency.
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Valenzdynamik historisch gesehen

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EN
This paper presents the aspect of the dynamics of the verb valency and discusses the question of valency grammar. There are two primary conditions that cause the valency to change: grammatical (in the diachronic view: Tesnière 1959, 1980, Sadziński 1989) and contextual (Růžička 1978, Nikula 2003, Storrer 1992, Agel 2000). The point of this discription is to define changes of valency and to rank them in order to simplify the use of German constructions.
EN
The article concerns the basic linguistic notion of "a language unit", in particular the term: "open class" that is essential in the structuralist theory of language units. The authors present possible misinterpretations of this term and their consequences for delimitating language units. A more detailed analysis is devoted to expressions ani (+preposition) + noun and ani + verb. The authors justify the thesis on semantic and functional homogeneity of ani in the expressions of both types. By doing so, they set against the lexicographic tradition of noting multiple idiomatic expressions consisting of the sequence ani.
EN
This article is a review of the Festschrift for Professor Dr. Ulrich Engel, one of the greatest representatives of German linguistics. The individual articles of the Festschrift are presented, starting with the contribution of the director of the Leibniz Institute for German Language, Henning Lobin. The review has a three-part structure corresponding to the three parts of the Festschrift.
EN
Valency of Russian verba sentiendi in the light of explicative syntaxThe subject of this article are syntactic (distributional) properties of Russian sentimental verbs (denoting emotions, moods, affects, passions etc.) in a synchronistic view. 319 units of modern Russian language are studied using a theoretical model of explicative syntax, i.e., representation of the propositional structure at the level of grammaticalization of certain argument positions (defined in terms of grammatical classes). The author distinguishes some distributional patterns noted in the source material (explicative schemes), describing them with reference to the meaning of the lexical class as well as to their frequency (functionality). Walencja rosyjskich verba sentiendi w świetle składni eksplikacyjnejPrzedmiotem niniejszego artykułu są składniowe (dystrybucyjne) właściwości rosyjskich verba sentiendi (nazw uczuć, emocji, afektów, nastrojów i in.) w ujęciu synchronicznym. Przy zastosowaniu teoretycznego modelu składni eksplikacyjnej zbadano 319 jednostek współczesnego języka rosyjskiego. Autor przedstawia wyodrębnione w materiale źródłowym wzorce/modele dystrybucyjne (schematy eksplikacyjne) i opisuje je z uwzględnieniem znaczenia klasy leksykalnej, jak również ze względu na ich częstość reprezentacji (funkcjonalność).
Polonica
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2019
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vol. 39
149-168
EN
The article is concerned with the studies of local dialects, their syntactic structures, and verb valency. More specifically, the text presents several cases of verb valency distinctive for the Polish Spisz dialect. Instances of those structures are excerpted from the Spisz Dialect Corpus, which is being developed at the Institute of Polish Language at the Polish Academy of Sciences in Kraków within the project „Język mieszkańców Spisza. Korpus tekstów i nagrań gwarowych”. The main body of the text presents a description of the examples found in the corpus, along with their social characteristics and explanation of how they are different from standard Polish, compared with data from such sources as „Walenty” or „Wielki słownik języka polskiego”. Inter alia, it is shown that none of the structures analysed are limited to a single place, and the most popular is present in many parts of Spisz. In addition, several structures are characteristic of all age groups or culturally bound. Furthermore, certain instances of verb valency could have existed in general Polish in the past.
PL
Praca wpisuje się w nurt badań poświęconych językowi mieszkańców polskiej części Spisza, a jej celem jest przedstawienie i krótka analiza kilku wybranych przypadków walencji czasownikowej. Analizowane konstrukcje pochodzą z Korpusu Spiskiego. Część zasadnicza artykułu przedstawia zatem kilka wydobytych z Korpusu Spiskiego przykładów walencji czasownikowej wraz z opisem, w którym czytelnik znajdzie np. odwołania do słownika walencyjnego Walenty i Wielkiego słownika języka polskiego. Pokazano między innymi, że żadna z analizowanych konstrukcji nie była ograniczona wyłącznie do jednej wsi, niektóre konstrukcje składniowe były obecne w języku polskim już we wcześniejszych wiekach, czasem zaś walencja wydawała się nierozerwalnie związana z czynnikami kulturowymi.
Polonica
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2018
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vol. 38
199-217
EN
In Polish, a clausal complement may be preceded by the propositional proform to. The presence of the proform to depends on the matrix verb: it may be obligatory, facultative, or excluded. The aim of the paper is to give an analysis of sentences with verbs excluding the proform to in terms of the semantic syntax (according to Stanisław Karolak’s theory of the predicate-argument structure of sentences and Andrzej Bogusławski’s theory of the operational grammar). There are three main semantic groups of verbs that take a clausal complement obligatorily without a proform: non-verbal communication verbs, verbs incorporating a contents argument, emotive verbs. The author claims that in all these cases a complement clause does not represent an argument of a predicate, but is a result of an operation.
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EN
In this paper, I describe the syntactic structure formation of Czech complex predicates with light verbs. I limit myself to a central type of Czech complex predicates, i.e. to the complex predicates composed of a light verb and a predicative noun expressed in the direct object. I demonstrate that in the deep syntactic structure, both the predicative noun and the light verb are characterized by their own valency complementations. In the deep structure, several nominal and verbal valency complementations are in coreference. I show that this coreference plays a crucial role in the distribution of valency complementations in the surface structure of complex predicates. Moreover, I introduce principles governing the surface structure formation of Czech complex predicates. On the basis of syntactically distinctive properties of complex predicates (the correspondence of the nominal ACTor with some of verbal complementations and the mapping of the semantic participant ‘Causator’ onto some of verbal complementations), I distinguish four types of complex predicates in Czech. Finally, I outline the open questions concerning the expression of the nominal ACTor and its coreference.
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K reciprocitě adjektiv v češtině

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EN
This paper aims to extend the knowledge of reciprocity outside the largely examined verbal domain, focusing on the reciprocity of adjectives in Czech. Our main aim is to show how syntactic reciprocalization is applied to constructions of adjectives where one of their valency complementations is subject to a systemic surface ellipsis. We argue that the reciprocity of adjectives is mostly encoded by the same inventory of language means as the reciprocity of verbs, in particular by pluralization of one of the valency complementations affected by reciprocity (where the only difference from verbs is the form mezi ‘between’+Instr) and by an anaphoric expression occupying the other valency complementation involved in reciprocity. The main difference between the formal marking of verbal and adjectival constructions lies in the fact that adverbials (e.g., navzájem ‘mutually’), serving as the so-called specifiers in reciprocal constructions of verbs, often take over the role of the primary marker of reciprocity in adjectival constructions. Further, we show that – similarly to verbs – adjectives bearing the semantic feature of mutuality require less linguistic marking in their reciprocal constructions, relying on pluralization only, while reciprocal constructions of adjectives without this feature are marked by both pluralization and an anaphoric expression or adverbials.
Język Polski
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2016
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vol. 96
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issue 1
80-95
PL
Artykuł skupia się na przyimkach podlegających rekcji. Na wybranych przykładach pokazuje, że przyimki w takich użyciach wyrażają znaczenie i mają swój wkład w budowę warstwy semantycznej wypowiedzeń. Znaczeniowym minimum przyimków gramatycznych jest określanie ról semantycznych w ramach walencji słów nadrzędnych. Dalsze potwierdzenie semantyczności badanych przyimków znajdujemy, porównując różne schematy rekcyjne i użycia swobodne, czego większość istniejących analiz nie czyni. Występują tu ewidentne paralele semantyczne. Niekiedy też rekcja wiąże się wprost ze ścisłymi opozycjami paradygmatycznymi między przyimkami wyrażającymi szczegółowe kontrasty znaczeniowe. Przeprowadzona analiza prowadzi do wniosku, że wymagania rekcyjne konkretnych słów są dużo mniej arbitralne, niż się przyjmuje.
EN
The text focuses on governed prepositions. It shows that such uses of prepositions express meaning and play a role in the construction of the meaning of utterances. The semantic minimum of these “grammatical” prepositions is the marking of semantic roles within the valency of their syntactic heads. A further confirmation of meaningfulness of the researched prepositions comes from the comparison of different government patterns and independent uses, which is not done in most of the existing analyses. Clear semantic parallels can be noted here. In some cases grammatical government is also directly linked to strict paradigmatic contrasts between prepositions which express fine-grained semantic contrasts. One can conclude that government requirements of particular lexemes are far less arbitrary than is usually assumed.
EN
Our goal is to identify factors that influence the choice of equivalents of ‘psych’ verbs when translating between typologically close languages such as Polish and Czech. Using the example of the Czech verb toužit ‘to yearn, to desire’ we show that these verbs may be perceived differently by native speakers of Polish and Czech — as ambiguous or unambiguous. Translation of such verbs is equally challenging. We start with the hypothesis that the choice of an equivalent is determined primarily by syntactico-semantic properties of the source lexeme, especially by its valency. Based on the analysis of lexemes and their arguments in parallel texts we identify regularities and preferences for the choice of an equivalent. Manual analysis is complemented by an automatically extracted bilingual glossary with frequencies. The results show that valency is an important, but not the only factor.
EN
The paper addresses the so-called discontinuous reciprocal constructions in Czech and their description in grammar and lexicon, as recently discussed by J. Pergler. Two ways of treating discontinuous constructions are introduced: (i) to handle these constructions in the grammar as one type of constructions of non-reflexive verbs, and (ii) to capture them in the lexicon as constructions of derived reflexive verbs. The advantages and disadvantages of both these approaches are carefully considered with the conclusion that the latter approach is more advantageous as it complies with the fact that discontinuous constructions are – with respect to the lexicon-grammar continuum – rather at the lexical end.
EN
The contrastive view of the valency of two languages is always a source of important information which could be used both in grammar and in didactics and translation. The following article shows differences in semantic valency between Polish and German motion verbs. The different levels of their semantic restrictions are described and compared as well as differences in semantic roles. The study also gives information about the semantic content of verbs when divergence occurs.
EN
The paper is a sociological-political attempt to analyze the problems of multiculturalism, especially the rights to preserve one's own culture within the dominating one, as it takes place in Australia. The author pinpoints that Australian achievements as regards the principles of multiculturalism and human rights surpass many other countries with pluralistic systems. This is true especially from the time when Aborigines were granted political rights. Concerning Australia, the questions in the paper may inspire the research on other multinational and multicultural societies.
EN
In the present contribution, the main constitutive features of the Functional Generative Description as proposed by Petr Sgall and his collaborators are introduced together with a brief characterization of selected Czech grammatical phenomena within this framework. These phenomena include above all verbal and nominal valency and related issues and topic-focus articulation, esp. in relation to negation and presupposition. Criteria for the determination of valency members are proposed together with the changes in the valency structure connected with the application of different diatheses and alternations. The role of valency requirements in complex predicates is described and exemplified by means of derived structures. The other phenomenon investigated is connected with reflexive and reciprocal constructions. Furthermore, attention is devoted to the categorization of deletions and the related phenomenon of the general participant, and also to various comparative constructions that are described as constructions with surface deletions. The constructions introduced by the Czech preposition kromě ‘besides/instead of’ are used as an illustration of how their deep representation looks. The main tenets of FGD have been applied, verified and further refined in the Prague Dependency Treebank family and valency lexicons, which are briefly characterized here as well.
EN
The article discusses the problem of alternative connectivity of lexical units. This phenomenon, which we called positional equivalence, is analyzed from the perspective of teaching Polish as a foreign language (PFL). The paper consists of two parts. The first defines the concept of positional equivalence. The second part analyzes the way positional equivalence is presented and explained in teaching practice. The analysis of PFL teaching materials clearly shows the need to systematize and update the descriptions of syntactic features of different lexical units, taking into consideration their communicative function and stylistic features. It also seems necessary to enrich the existing language exercises with tasks allowing the students to practice their knowledge of alternative syntactic structures and the ability to adjust the structures they use to the type of communicative situation.
PL
Przedmiotem opisu w artykule jest zagadnienie alternatywnej łączliwości jednostek leksykalnych. Zjawisko to, nazywane w tekście ekwiwalencją pozycyjną, widziane jest z perspektywy nauczania języka polskiego jako obcego. Artykuł składa się z dwóch części. Najpierw zapoznano czytelnika z przyjętym rozumieniem ekwiwalencji pozycyjnej. Następnie przedstawiono uwagi dotyczące zakresu i jakości prezentacji zagadnienia ekwiwalencji pozycyjnej w praktyce glottodydaktycznej. Analiza materiałów do nauczanie jpjo prowadzi do wniosku, że w ramach glottodydaktyki polonistycznej istnieje potrzeba usystematyzowania i uwspółcześnienia opisów dyspozycji składniowych jednostek leksykalnych w powiązaniu z ich funkcją w ramach komunikacji i przynależnością do stylistycznej odmiany polszczyzny. Równocześnie należałoby zadbać o wzbogacenie typów ćwiczeń kształcących aktywną znajomość alternatywnej łączliwości składniowej, przede wszystkim przez dodanie zadań kształcących umiejętność dobierania wariantu składniowego do sytuacji komunikacyjnej.
NL
Deze bijdrage is een samenvatting van mijn onderzoek naar de invloed van valentie van Nederlandse psych-verbs woorden op de woordvolgorde in het middenstuk van de Nederlandse zin. Sommige linguïsten hebben opgemerkt dat bepaalde werkwoorden het mogelijk maken het subject te plaatsen achter het direct of indirect object in het middenstuk van de zin, waardoor ze afwijken van de neiging om het subject voor het object te plaatsen. De meeste werkwoorden die op deze manier worden beschreven, worden psych-verbs of psychologische werkwoorden genoemd. Deze werkwoorden verwijzen naar een situatie waarin een levend wezen onderhevig is aan verandering van zijn psychologische toestand. Valentie wordt gedefinieerd als het vermogen van een werkwoord om een aantal elementen te binden teneinde een grammaticaal correcte zin te vormen. Valentie moet echter niet alleen bekeken worden vanuit syntactisch, maar ook vanuit semantisch oogpunt. Met andere woorden, ik ben niet alleen geïnteresseerd in het aantal elementen dat een werkwoord vereist maar ook in de semantische kenmerken van deze elementen, zoals bezieldheid, geaffecteerdheid, enz. In mijn onderzoek heb ik twintig psych-verbs geanalyseerd om uit te vinden welke aspecten van valentie de woordvolgorde van subject en object in het middenstuk kunnen beïnvloeden. De belangrijkste resultaten van de analyse worden in deze bijdrage weergegeven.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł jest podsumowaniem moich badań nad wpływem walencji tzw. psych-verbs („czasowników psychologicznych”) na szyk wyrazów podmiotu rzeczownikowego oraz dopełnienia rzeczownikowego w części środkowej zdania niderlandzkiego. Początek, środek i koniec zdania niderlandzkiego rządzą się ściśle określonymi prawami. Niektórzy językoznawcy zauważyli, że pewna grupa czasowników pozwala, aby podmiot stał za dopełnieniem w części środkowej zdania niderlandzkiego, co oznacza, że odbiegają one od tendencji umieszczania podmiotu rzeczownikowego przed dopełnieniem rzeczownikowym. Większość czasowników, które zachowują się w ten sposób, to tzw. psych-verbs. Czasowniki te odnoszą się do sytuacji, w której stan psychologiczny istoty żywej może być poddany zmianie. Walencja jest określana jako zdolność czasownika do połączenia danej liczby elementów w celu utworzenia zdania poprawnego gramatycznie. Walencja jednak nie może być postrzegana tylko z syntaktycznego punktu widzenia, ale również z semantycznego. Innymi słowy, nie interesuje nas wyłącznie liczba elementów, których czasownik wymaga, ale również semantyczne cechy tych elementów, takie jak np. ożywienie, usposobienie, itd. W badaniu zostało przeanalizowanych 20 psych-verbs, aby przekonać się, które aspekty walencji mogą wpływać na szyk podmiotu oraz dopełnienia rzeczownikowego w środkowej części zdania. Główne wyniki analizy przedstawione zostały w niniejszym artykule.
EN
This paper is a summary of my research on the influence of valency of Dutch psych-verbs on the word order of the nominal subject and nominal object in the middle field of the Dutch sentence. It’s been noted by some linguists that certain verbs allow for the subject to be placed behind the object in the middle field of the Dutch sentence, which means that they deviate from the tendency to place nominal subject before the nominal object. Most of the verbs described to behave in this manner are called psych-verbs or psychological verbs. These verbs refer to a situation in which an animate being can be subject to a change of their psychological state. Valency is defined as the ability of a verb to bind a number of elements in order to form a grammatically correct sentence. However, valency has to be seen not only from the syntactic, but also from the semantic point of view. In other words, I am not only interested in the number of elements a verb requires, but also in the semantic features of these elements such as animacy, affectedness etc. In my research I analyzed twenty psych-verbs to find out which aspects of valency can influence the word order of the nominal subject and nominal object in the middle field. The main results of the analysis are presented in this paper.
EN
Semantic study of verbs – names of cognitive events - in the Belarusian language has not been conducted before. As a separate lexical-semantic subsystem, verbs with the semantics of mental events were not considered on the material of other languages. The relevance of the article is due to the lack of a comprehensive description of this lexical and semantic sphere. The aim of the article is a comprehensive description of the names of cognitive events in the Belarusian language. The study reveals the semantic and syntactic characteristics of each verb and the types of relationships between them. The lexical values are determined accordingly; the type of each token chosen by the verb's mode of action, i.e Aktionsart; actant type of the verb and its syntagmatic connections. Polonisms are singled out and described in the article. Names of cognitive events are verbs with the semantics ‘вырашыць, ‘угадаць’, ‘зразумець’, ‘даведацца’, ‘запомніць’, ‘успомніць’, ‘вынайсці’ [decide, conclude, guess, understand, learn, remember, recall, invent]. Of the forty units, seven lexemes are borrowed from the Polish language or the Polish language has acted as an intermediary in their borrowing. In the subgroup with the semantics ‘вырашыць, зрабiць вывад’ [decide, conclude] the lexemes дэдукаваць, разважыць, размеркаваць, разрахаваць [deduce, reflect, distribute, calculate] were borrowed in Belarusian through the Polish language. Three other Polonisms have a common semantics of ‘зразумець’, ‘даведацца’ [understand, learn]. The lexemes дапяць і распрацаваць [finish and develop] were borrowed from the Polish language. The Belarusian word асэнсаваць [sense] has Latin roots, but it got into Belarusian through Polish mediation. At the same time, the verb formation exists today only in the Belarusian language. All these polonisms, except of the modern borrowing дапяць [achieve your own, finish], were already used in the old Belarusian language. They are transitive - the same rule was inherent in these verbs in the Polish language. The new borrowing дапяць [achieve your own, finish] is used without object or with an added sentence.
PL
Badanie semantyki czasowników – nazw procesów kognitywnych – na materiale języka białoruskiego nie było dotychczas podejmowane. Jako specjalny podsystem leksykalno-semantyczny czasowniki w znaczeniu „procesy mentalne” na materiale innych języków również nie był wcześniej poddany badaniu. Aktualność tego artykułu wynika z braku kompleksowego opisu niniejszego zagadnienia leksykalno-semantycznego. Celem artykułu jest całościowy opis nazw procesów kognitywnych w języku białoruskim. Badaniu poddane zostały cechy semantyczne i składniowe każdego czasownika oraz rodzaje relacji między nimi. Zgodnie z czym definiowane są znaczenia leksykalne, typ każdego leksemu według rodzaju czynności; aktantnу typ czasownika oraz jego związki syntagmatyczne. W artykle zwraca się również uwagę, które czasowniki zapożyczono z języka polskiego i które przez jego pośrednictwo. Nazwy procesów kognitywnych zostały podzielone na kilka grup z semantyką ‘decydować, wnioskować’, ‘zgadnąć’, ‘zrozumieć’, ‘dowiedzieć się’, ‘zapamiętać’, ‘przypomnieć’. Spośród czterdziestu jednostek siedem zapożyczono z języka polskiego lub język polski pełnił rolę pośrednika w ich zapożyczeniu. W podgrupie semantycznej ‘decydować, wnioskować’ za pośrednictwem języka polskiego do białoruszczyzny zapożyczono leksemy дэдукаваць, разважыць, размеркаваць, разрахаваць. Trzy kolejne polonizmy mają semantykę ‘zrozumieć’, ‘dowiedzieć się’. Z języka polskiego zapożyczono wyrazy дапяць i распрацаваць. Brus. асэнсаваць ma korzenie łacińskie, ale do białoruszczyzny został zapożyczony przez polskie pośrednictwo. Wszystkie te leksemy, z wyjątkiem niedawnego zapożyczenia дапяць, były używane już w okresie starobiałoruskim. Są one przechodnie – taka sama rekcja była typowa dla tych czasowników w języku polskim. Czasownik дапяць używany jest bez obiektu lub ze zdaniem podrzędnym dopełnieniowym.
RU
Семантычнае вывучэнне дзеясловаў – найменняў кагнiтыўных падзей – у беларускай мове раней не праводзiлася. Як асобная лексiка-семантычная падсiстэма дзеясловы з семантыкай ментальных падзей не разглядалiся i на матэрыяле iншых моў. Актуальнасць артыкула абумоўлена адсутнасцю цэласнага апiсання гэтай лексiка-семантычнай сферы. Мэтай артыкула з’яўляецца комплекснае апiсанне назваў кагнітыўных падзей у беларускай мове. Падчас даследавання выяўляюцца семантычныя і сінтаксічныя характарыстыкі кожнага дзеяслова і вiды адносiн паміж імі. У адпаведнасцi з гэтым вызначаюцца лексiчныя значэннi; тып кожнай абранай лексемы па спосабу дзеяслоўнага дзеяння; актантны тып дзеяслова i яго сiнтагматычныя сувязі. Асобна вылучаны і апісаны ў артыкуле паланізмы. Найменні ментальных падзей – гэта дзеясловы з семантыкай ‘вырашыць, зрабiць вывад’, ‘угадаць’, ‘зразумець’, ‘даведацца’, ‘запомніць’, ‘успомніць’, ‘вынайсці’. З сарака адзінак сем запазычана з польскай мовы або польская мова адыграла ролю пасрэдніцы ў іх запазычанні. У падгрупе з семантыкай ‘вырашыць, зрабiць вывад’ праз польскую мову прыйшлі ў беларускую лексемы дэдукаваць, разважыць, размеркаваць, разрахаваць. Яшчэ тры паланізмы маюць агульную семантыку ‘зразумець’, ‘даведацца’. З польскай мовы запазычаны дапяць і распрацаваць. Бел. асэнсаваць мае лацінскія карані, але ў беларускую трапіла праз польскае пасрэдніцтва. Пры гэтым дзеяслоўнае ўтварэнне сёння існуе толькі ў беларускай мове. Усе гэтыя паланiзмы, акрамя сучаснага запазычання дапяць, ужываліся ўжо ў старабеларускай мове. Яны з’яўляюцца пераходнымі – такое ж кіраванне было ўласцівае гэтым дзеясловам і ў польскай мове. Новае запазычанне дапяць ужываецца безаб’ектна ці з даданым дапаўняльным сказам.
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