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EN
In Joris-Karl Huysmans ’ works, particularly those created in the transi-tion between his decadent phase, symbolised by Down there (1891), and the period of mystical naturalism, which reaches its peak with The Cathedral (1898), it is possi-ble to trace a complete and profound evolution of the vanitas motif. This article offers an analysis of three major stages of this change. It begins with the macabre vanitas characteristic for Down there. It is interpreted in the light of Félicien Rops ’ aesthetics, which fascinates Huysmans in the 1880s, and the artistic adaptations of the tempta-tion of saint Anthony in late Middle Ages and early Renaissance. Then, the article examines Huysmans ’ approach to the Karlsruhe and the Isenheim Altar pieces by Matthias Grünewald, which marks a transition between the aesthetics of the dance of death and the mystical naturalism. The article finishes with a study of Grünewald ’s ekphraseis’ legacy : the apology of life, a new interpretation of the vanitas in The Cathedral.
FR
Dans l ’œuvre huysmansienne, en particulier celle de la transition entre sa phase décadente, marquée par Là-bas (1891), et la période du naturalisme mys-tique, dont le fruit le plus mûr reste La Cathédrale (1898), il est possible de retracer la transformation complète et profonde du traitement de la vanitas. Le présent article propose une analyse de trois étapes de cette évolution. Il part de la vanitas macabre de Là-bas, proche de l ’esthétique de Félicien Rops, auquel Huysmans s ’intéresse dans les années 1880, et du motif de la tentation de saint Antoine dans les arts de la fin du Moyen-Âge et du début de Renaissance. Ensuite, il examine l ’approche huysman-sienne à la Crucifixion de Cassel et au retable d ’Issenheim de Matthias Grünewald, qui constitue un passage entre l ’esthétique de la danse macabre et celle du natura-lisme mystique. Finalement, il étudie le legs des ekphraseis de Grünewald : l ’apologie de la vie et un regard nouveau sur la vanitas dans La Cathédrale.
EN
Stanisław Gostkowski, a contemporary poet, author of seven volumes, died in 2000. He did not belong to the New Wave and New Privacy. His literary patron was Tymoteusz Karpowicz. I am writing about the first volume, Don’t bury me alive, and the fourth one, titled Death has a sweet smell. Gostkowski wrote about death, nevertheless just for life. He often emphasises vanitas in his poetry. Here is an interpretation of his output from the Baroque perspective.
PL
Stanisław Gostkowski, współczesny poeta, autor siedmiu tomików, zmarł w roku 2000. Nie należał do Nowej Fali ani do Nowej Prywatności. Cenił wiersze Tymoteusza Karpowicza. W artykule piszę o pierwszym tomiku Nie chowajcie mnie żyjącego i czwartym Śmierć ma słodki zapach. Gostkowski pisał o śmierci, ale dla życia. W swojej poezji bardzo często eksponował barokową ideę vanitas. W szkicu zaprezentowano interpretację z perspektywy baroku.
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PL
W tej pracy autor podejmuje próbę interpretacji obrazu Vanitas Antoniego de Peredy. We wstępie malarstwo Peredy osadzone zostaje w szerszym kontekście sztuki hiszpańskiej z okresu baroku, w oparciu o literaturę z zakresu historii sztuki. Następnie autor przechodzi do próby interpretacji treści obrazu, w której korzysta z fragmentów Księgi Koheleta. Której motywy zgodnie z przypuszczeniem autora mogły być jedną z inspiracji dla samego Peredy.
EN
This article is an attempt to look at the artistic practices of Christian Boltanski. Particular emphasis is placed on four of his exhibitions which were held at the Foksal Gallery in Warsaw. They show that the French artist not only uses the medium of photography in his art, but uses it in the specific approach as designated by André Bazin. This means that, for Boltanski, photography is a tool for the mummification of reality, which then becomes both a relic and a memory.
PL
Artykuł jest próbą spojrzenia na praktyki artystyczne Christiana Boltanskiego. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono czterem jego wystawom, jakie odbyły się w warszawskiej Galerii Foksal. Pokazują one, że francuski artysta sięga po medium fotografii i stosuje je w swojej sztuce w specyficznym ujęciu nadanym przez André Bazina. Oznacza to, iż fotografia jest dla Botlanskiego narzędziem mumifikacji rzeczywistości, która staje się zarazem i relikwią, i pamięcią.
EN
Vanitas vanitatum et omnia vanitas: Filip Bajon’s Student Etudes The author addresses the workshop etudes made by Filip Bajon, which he directed during his studies at the Lodz Film School. Comparing Contribution to the Th eory of Linguistics from 1972, And others from 1973, and Blacks from 1973, she notes both a consistency in style and a similarity in leitmotifs between these and the director’s later works. These is, above all, a profound refl ection on the issue of passing, of both inanimate objects and human existence, and also an attempt to capture causal changes by showing characters in situations that are groundbreaking for them.
EN
Attempting a scrutiny of Flannery O’Connor’s short story entitled “A Late Encounter with the Enemy,” the reader is by no means left in a quandary as to the experience of death, pain, and suffering percolating through the very foundations of southern culture since antebellum times. Also, the phenomenon in question appears to be deeply embedded in the aesthetics of historical baroque, which allows one to notice a striking resemblance between the nature of southern experience of the 1950’s and the essence of baroque sensibility. Such an observation assumes extraordinary importance if considered in the context of modern theatricality. Grounded upon a comparison between the seventeenth-century France of Louis XIV and the contemporary South of O’Connor’s protagonist, George Poker Sash, the article explores the transplantation of a multitude of cultural traits characterizing the baroque onto the realm of modern experience(impelled to confront southern history by the author) through the prism of such notions as the play of appearances, miseen abime, and the spaces of theatricality. These concepts, predominantly associated with the theater, are delineated in the course of William Egginton’s How the World Became a Stage: Presence, Theatricality, and the Question of Modernity and The Theater of Truth: Ideology of Neo-Baroque Aesthetics, which two works comprise the theoretical background of the discussion concerning the relationship between the contemporary South and its historical experience. The argument is supported by Guy Debord’s conceptualization of the spectacle adumbrated in The Society of the Spectacle, which presents the culture of the commodity as endowed with theatrical attributes. Bearing in mind that fact that, as Christine Buci-Glucksmann argues in her Baroque Reason, the representation of a historical subject in necessarily connected with theatricality, O’Connor reader is enabled, with the assistance of the works mentioned above, to locate the tragedy ensconced in the core of southern culture enveloped in an intricately woven web of modern appearances.
PL
Próbując przeprowadzić analizę opowiadania Flannery O’Connor pt. “A Late Encounter with the Enemy”, czytelnik nie podaje w wątpliwość doświadczenia śmierci, bólu i cierpienia, które to aspekty przesiąkają przez fundamenty kultury amerykańskiego Południa jeszcze od czasów poprzedzających Wojnę Secesyjną. Zjawisko, o którym mowa, wydaje się głęboko zakorzenione w estetyce baroku, co pozwala na dostrzeżenie uderzającego podobieństwa między kulturą Południa amerykańskiego kontynentu z lat 50. XX wieku i esencją barokowej wrażliwości. Powyższa obserwacja nabiera szczególnego znaczenia, jeśli rozważyć ją w kontekście współczesnej teatralności. Oparty na porównaniu między XVII-wieczną Francją Ludwika XIV oraz współczesnym Południem, artykuł bada przeszczepienie szerokiego wachlarza cech charakteryzujących barok na grunt współczesnego doświadczenia kulturowego (ukierunkowanego na konfrontację historii Południa przez autora) przez pryzmat takich pojęć, jak: gra pozorów, mise en abime oraz przestrzenie teatralności. Te pojęcia, w głównej mierze kojarzone z teatrem, są nakreślone w publikacji Williama Eggintona How the World Became a Stage: Presence, Theatricality, and the Question of Modernity oraz The Theater of Truth: Ideology of Neo-Baroque Aesthetics, które stanowią teoretyczne tło dyskusji dotyczącej związku między współczesnym Południem i jego doświadczeniem historycznym. Argumentacja wsparta jest konceptualizacją zjawiska spektaklu zaprezentowaną w książce Guya Deborde’a The Society of the Spectacle, która przedstawia kulturę wymiany towarowej jako zjawisko obdarzone cechami teatralnymi. Mając na uwadze fakt, że – jak twierdzi Christine Buci-Glucksmann w Baroque Reason – reprezentacja podmiotu historycznego jest koniecznie związana z teatralnością, czytelnik, za pomocą dzieł wyszczególnionych powyżej, ma możliwość umiejscowienia tragedii usytuowanej w jądrze południowego doświadczenia spowitego zawikłaną siecią pozorów kultury nowoczesnej.
EN
This article describes the theme of vanity as presented by slam poets from Poznań, based on 34 texts published in an anthology of spoken word poetry Poetic freestyle. Poznań slam scene in 2016. The analysed texts were arranged into several thematic fields related to the image of interpersonal relations, religion, the city and everyday life as presented in spoken word poetry. The conclusions include elements of a linguistic image of vanity in the works of slam poets. What is more, the article is an attempt at identifying the position of spoken word poetry among other fields of art and juxtaposes it with the performative turn in culture.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł prezentuje pojęcie marności w językowym obrazie świata slamerów skupionych wokół poznańskiej sceny slamerskiej. Bazę materiałową stanowią 34 teksty, wydane w antologii slamerskiej pt. Poetycki freestyle. Poznańska scena slamerska w 2016 roku. Przeanalizowane teksty zostały uszeregowane w kilka pól tematycznych związanych z obrazem relacji międzyludzkich, religii, miasta i codzienności w tekstach slamerów. We wnioskach klarują się elementy językowego obrazu marności w twórczości slam poetry. Ponadto artykuł podejmuje kwestie związane z określeniem miejsca slamu wśród innych dziedzin sztuki oraz sytuuje go wobec zwrotu performatywnego w kulturze.
EN
As a symbol of the passage of time, the hourglass is an important iconic element of vanitas paintings. It is also, in the 17th century, the object set on the pulpit of the Protestant preacher who, within the time limits of the hourglass, must exhort the faithful to make good use of their mortal life so they can expect eternal life. The theological and moral discourse of preachers is echoed in the aside sentences that recur in the texts about the little time left to the preacher to deliver his sermon, thus meaning that if human life is vanity, the very discourse conveying the idea must avoid it, banishing all hollow or swollen words, and remain within the limits of the hour-glass.
FR
Emblématique du temps qui passe, le sablier est un élément iconique majeur des tableaux de Vanités. Il est aussi, au XVIIe siècle, l ’objet qui figure sur la chaire du pasteur protestant qui, dans le temps imparti de l ’écoulement du sable, doit exhor-ter le fidèle à faire bon usage de son temps de mortel, pour aspirer au temps éternel. Le discours théologique et moral des prédicateurs rentre en collision avec les incises récurrentes dans les sermons sur le peu de temps qu ’il reste encore au prédicateur pour achever son sermon, signalant ainsi que si la vie humaine n ’est que vanité ; le discours qui le porte doit aussi s ’en garder, en évitant toute parole creuse ou enflée, et rester dans les limites fixées par le sablier.
EN
The article discusses the role of vermin in the vanitas discourse in the Polish poetry from the late 16th until the 18th centuries. The introduction, using the example of Żale nagrobne by Sebastian Fabian Klonowic, shows the change in the manner of discussing death, which came about soon after the death of Jan Kochanowski, making it possible to return to the medieval visions of decomposition, enriched by that poet by a broad range of hideous things, symbols of vanity. The second part of the paper discusses Baroque paintings of worms eating away the corpse based on selected works, and presents major poetic devices which are meant to convey the vanitas message. There are descriptions of metaphysical nature and ones showing the nothingness of existence in a purely earthly dimension. The paper closes with remarks on exhausting the vanitas discourse using the worms imagery, the example of which are poems using the coffin hideousness in an erotic context.
EN
In the post-Cistercian Abbey in Ląd-on-Warta a unique monument testifying to the com-memoration of the deceased brothers and, at the same time, illustrating the historical tradition of Cistercian Abbeys in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, namely Tabula Memorialis, has been preserved till our times. and feature the abbreviations: RR. PP. VV. Fr. (Reverendi Patres Venerendi Fra-tres) accompanied by the Latin name of a respective Cistercian Abbey. The Abbeys come in the fol-lowing order: 1. Ląd, 2. Jędrzejów, 3. Wągrowiec, 4. Oliwa, 5. Sulejów, 6. Wąchock, 7. Koprzywnica, 8. Mogiła, 9. Obra, 10. Paradyż, 11. Szczyrzyc, 12. Koronowo, 13. Bledzew, 14. Pelplin. The squares in each row are covered with a wooden lid that can be pulled out showing a pair of vanitative em-blems painted against a cinnabar background. Each representation is accompanied by a banderole with a commentary. Tabula Memorialis was made in ca. 1745 to celebrate the 600th anniversary of the Ląd Abbey foundation. Its composition presents two content layers: a didactic one dedicated to the reflection on death (meditatio mortis, ars moriendi), and the historical one: presenting the foundation of 14 Cistercian Abbeys in the Polish Cistercian Province and promoting Ląd as the oldest one among them in Poland. Tabula Memorialis served for the ceremony of absolution of the dead during their collective recollection conducted in the chapter house.
EN
As Witkacy wrote in Narcotics, it is “the surrounding nothingness which creates a negative background for all being” that makes things visible. Nihilism provides a framework for Witkacy’s work. His philosophy and esthetics are a response to the nihilistic lack of meaning and the absolute, while his cultural pessimism is a projection of the lost paradise. The romantic attitude that he had developed by reading Schopenhauer and Nietzsche left deep traces in his art, thus generating the iconography of his paintings and permeating his dramas and novels.
EN
Renata Gadamska-Serafin’s book entitled Imago Dei. Człowiek w myśli i twórczości Cypriana Norwida [Imago Dei. The Man in Cyprian Kamil Norwid’s Thought and Works] is devoted to anthropological issues in the poet’s works. She focuses her studies on two anthropological issues: the essence of the man and the human condition; or in other words, the essence and the existence. These two issues are analyzed in the context of both the 19th century anthropological thought with all its base of theological and philosophical tradition, as well as of selected trends in modern anthropology. As a source context for Norwid’s reflections Biblical and patristic tradition, especially Paul’s theology, as well as Socratic philosophy and Thomism are referred to. The first chapters of the book are devoted to analysis and reconstruction of ontological aspects of Norwid’s anthropology. A lot of space is given to Norwid’s long and fervent polemic with Darwin’s evolutionism. The issue of Christian personalism in the poet’s works is especially meticulously presented. The second part of the deliberations on Norwid’s anthropology is devoted to the poet’s Christian existentialism recognized by the author. Quite a lot of space is taken up by three existential issues: suffering, sorrow and happiness. Another extensive part of the book, entitled Aetates hominum, is devoted to the periods in a human being’s life, from childhood to old age, in the poet’s works. And the final, short subsections deal with inter-human relations, such as love, friendship, politeness and dialogue. Looking for a formula that would describe Norwid’s whole thought about the man, in the conclusion the author reminds Hanna Malewska’s accurate definition: she called Norwid’s anthropology theocentric humanism.
EN
Renata Gadamska-Serafin’s book entitled Imago Dei. Człowiek w myśli i twórczości Cypriana Norwida [Imago Dei. The Man in Cyprian Kamil Norwid’s Thought and Works] is devoted to anthropological issues in the poet’s works. She focuses her studies on two anthropological issues: the essence of the man and the human condition; or in other words, the essence and the existence. These two issues are analyzed in the context of both the 19th century anthropological thought with all its base of theological and philosophical tradition, as well as of selected trends in modern anthropology. As a source context for Norwid’s reflections Biblical and patristic tradition, especially Paul’s theology, as well as Socratic philosophy and Thomism are referred to. The first chapters of the book are devoted to analysis and reconstruction of ontological aspects of Norwid’s anthropology. A lot of space is given to Norwid’s long and fervent polemic with Darwin’s evolutionism. The issue of Christian personalism in the poet’s works is especially meticulously presented. The second part of the deliberations on Norwid’s anthropology is devoted to the poet’s Christian existentialism recognized by the author. Quite a lot of space is taken up by three existential issues: suffering, sorrow and happiness. Another extensive part of the book, entitled Aetates hominum, is devoted to the periods in a human being’s life, from childhood to old age, in the poet’s works. And the final, short subsections deal with inter-human relations, such as love, friendship, politeness and dialogue. Looking for a formula that would describe Norwid’s whole thought about the man, in the conclusion the author reminds Hanna Malewska’s accurate definition: she called Norwid’s anthropology theocentric humanism.
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