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EN
Digital games are a medium of constantly growing socio-cultural significance, which strengthens and expands their potential to influence players. Participation in digital games, however, is indirect and thus accomplished through an avatar – a hero, an object or a more abstract structure that allows the player to impose his will in the game world. At the same time, male avatars embody a specific type of masculinity, symbolically affecting the user. This mutual interaction can be of particular importance in shaping the ideas and views around one’s masculinity or its patterns in the cultural and social dimension. In this sense, players learn from games how to be a man. This article constitutes an attempt at capturing the leading types of masculinity among the main protagonists of the most popular digital games. The study shows that many popular games reproduce the stereotypical narratives of dominant masculinity as understood by Zbyszko Melosik. The article contains an attempt at indicating the reasons for this state of affairs and the possible consequences for the players.
PL
Digital games are a medium of constantly growing socio-cultural significance, which strengthens and expands their potential to influence players. Participation in digital games, however, is indirect and thus accomplished through an avatar – a hero, an object or a more abstract structure that allows the player to impose his will in the game world. At the same time, male avatars embody a specific type of masculinity, symbolically affecting the user. This mutual interaction can be of particular importance in shaping the ideas and views around one’s masculinity or its patterns in the cultural and social dimension. In this sense, players learn from games how to be a man. This article constitutes an attempt at capturing the leading types of masculinity among the main protagonists of the most popular digital games. The study shows that many popular games reproduce the stereotypical narratives of dominant masculinity as understood by Zbyszko Melosik. The article contains an attempt at indicating the reasons for this state of affairs and the possible consequences for the players.
EN
Digital games are one of the most important media nowadays. Some researchers attribute a special role to them in today’s world, suggesting that we live in the ‘game era’. Unfortunately, this medium is probably the only one that is so often exposed to harsh criticism from various social groups: parents, teachers, politicians. This usually results from a certain misunderstanding of the specificity of games, as well as from helplessness. It also happens, however, that radical opinions about games are expressed by authority figures in academia. This is not disturbing in itself, provided that their considerations are based on solid foundations. Unfortunately, this is not always the case, as exemplified by the book by Philip Zimbardo and Nikita D. Coulombe, titled Man Interrupted: Why Young Men Are Struggling & What We Can Do about It, in which games – along with pornography – are blamed for the so-called crisis of masculinity. Moreover, the public debate – fueled by successive sensational reports – quite often resembles yet another moral panic more than a sensible or substantial exchange of arguments. This article is an attempt at revealing the most important problems with the discourse around digital games. It consists of three main parts: the presentation of the phenomenon of digital games as one that escapes any simplification and generalizations; the discussion of the typical accusations against this medium; the demonstration of its educational potential. The purpose of this approach is, above all, to increase the awareness with regard to how easily we tend to adopt an overly radical attitude towards digital games, thus losing the opportunity to use their positive (educational, pedagogical) potential. All this into account, I am putting forward a certain pattern of discussing – and thinking about – digital games, which makes it more likely to fully utilize the possibilities of this cultural phenomenon.
PL
Gry cyfrowe są obecnie jednym z ważniejszych mediów ekranowych. Niektórzy badacze przypisują im szczególną rolę we współczesności, którą określają mianem „ery gier”. Niestety medium to jest chyba jedynym tak często narażonym na surową krytykę ze strony różnych grup społecznych: rodziców, nauczycieli, polityków. Zazwyczaj wynika to z niezrozumienia specyfiki gier, a także bezradności. Zdarza się jednak, że radykalne opinie względem gier wyrażają autorytety naukowe. Nie ma w tym nic niepokojącego, jeśli rozważania są oparte na solidnych podstawach. Niestety nie zawsze tak jest, czego przykładem może być książka Philipa Zimbardo i Nikity D. Coulombe pt. Man Interrupted: Why Young Men Are Struggling & What We Can Do about It, w której gry – wespół z pornografią – obwiniane są za tak zwany kryzys męskości. Także publiczna debata, inspirowana kolejnymi sensacyjnymi doniesieniami, bardzo często ma więcej wspólnego z kolejną paniką moralną niż rzeczową wymianą argumentów. Niniejszy tekst stanowi próbę ukazania najważniejszych problemów z dyskursem wokół gier cyfrowych. Składa się on z trzech zasadniczych części: przedstawienia fenomenu gier cyfrowych jako takiego, który wymyka się uproszczeniom i generalizacjom; omówienia typowych zarzutów względem tego medium; oraz ukazania jego edukacyjnego potencjału. Celem takiego ujęcia tematu jest przede wszystkim uświadomienie czytelników, jak łatwo przyjmujemy przesadnie radykalną postawę względem gier cyfrowych, tracąc tym samym szansę na wykorzystanie ich pozytywnego (edukacyjnego, wychowawczego) potencjału. W efekcie proponuję tu pewien schemat dyskusji i myślenia o grach cyfrowych, który przybliża do pełnego wykorzystania możliwości tego fenomenu kulturowego.
EN
Each epoch has its own technology that defines it. Nowadays these are microprocessor-based digital devices. Technological advancement enforces changes in communication methods, which in turn triggers a number of new phenomena. Another important feature that additionally distinguishes the present times are solutions based on algorithms and artificial intelligence effectively used by websites (search engines, social media), increasingly growing into the position of “non-human” partners in interaction and as sources of knowledge about the world. The author focuses on problems and social consequences of digital communication, aiming to strengthen critical attitudes towards digital technologies – often perceived as “transparent” and therefore used uncritically. Particular attention is paid to phenomena which according to the author constitute an example of information paradox which arises as a result of simplified and automated digital communication tools. In this context the text discusses: information overload, solutions based on the system of black box, changes in bonding processes and in social experiencing of certain rituals.
EN
Video games are an important part of contemporary culture and economy, since the number of video game users is constantly increasing, part of that group consists of children. Socialization of young gamers largely takes place in the family. The purpose of this article is to present the conclusions brought by the research on role of video games in the life of the modern family. The study focuses in particular on the issue of technological and cultural competence of children and parents. The research was conducted employing quantitative and qualitative methods a questionnaire survey and interview. Some worrying phenomena has become noticeable within the pool of twenty four surveyed families, especially in terms of: shortcomings in the cultural and technological competence of parents, insufficient level of parental control, limited communication between parents and children or the lack of support from the school. This article is an attempt to deepen the analysis of impact that video games have on the family environment. The mentioned issue is particularly important in the perspective of growing prevalence of this medium and its specificity significantly different from older media.
EN
In this paper, the phenomena of gaming among mature and older people is presented. For the purpose of the main subject of the paper, virtual ethnography research was conducted in 2017, covering two important Internet forums for gamers aged 25 and over: The Older Gamers (TOG) and Senior Gamers (SG). In total, a set of 471 posts was coded, resulting in an in-depth description of fi ve relevant aspects of gaming practice among gamers aged 50+: the general category that consists of basic user traits, their gaming habits, the hardware used to play games, their competences and knowledge related to games and gained during gaming sessions and the role of social environment, especially family. This study is not only novel in that it utilizes the virtual ethnographic approach to the topic of gaming among older and senior people, but also starts a discussion on these phenomena in Polish academic discourse.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono zjawisko grania wśród osób dojrzałych i starszych. W tym celu przeprowadzono w 2017 roku badanie w podejściu wirtualnej etnografii, obejmujące dwa ważne fora internetowe dla graczy w wieku 25 lat i starszych: The Older Gamers (TOG) i Senior Gamers (SG). W sumie zakodowano zestaw 471 postów, co przełożyło się na pogłębiony opis pięciu istotnych aspektów praktyki grania wśród graczy 50+: ogólnych, na które składają się podstawowe cechy demografi czne użytkowników, ich nawyki, sprzęt używany do grania, kompetencje i wiedza związana z grami oraz rola środowiska społecznego, zwłaszcza rodziny, w rozwoju praktyki grania. Badanie to stanowi novum, ponieważ wykorzystuje podejście wirtualnej etnografi i do zagadnienia sięgania po gry cyfrowe przez osoby starsze, ale także rozpoczyna dyskusję na ten temat w polskim dyskursie akademickim.
EN
Images of disability present in the media have a significant impact on the perception of people with disabilities. They shape stereotypical ideas that translate into the attitudes and expectations that a large part of society has for people with disabilities. Previous research has focused on showing images of people with disabilities in traditional media. Meanwhile, in modern popular culture, new media, including video games, play an increasing role. Today, it is important to examine the ways in which characters with disabilities are portrayed in video games. The main aim of this article is to reconstruct typical images of disability in video games. This will show how the built-in images fix or change existing stereotypes. Video games were selected in which disabled heroes appeared. The study was based on the analysis of cultural codes. This method was adapted for the study of a specific medium-video games. They engage the user in the proces of creating the hero and the actions he takes in the game world.
PL
Obrazy niepełnosprawności obecne w mediach w istotny sposób wpływają na postrzeganie osób z niepełnosprawnościami. W oparciu o nie kształtują się stereotypowe wyobrażenia, które przekładają się na postawy oraz oczekiwania, jakie w stosunku do tej kategorii społecznej ma znaczna część społeczeństwa. Dotychczasowe badania koncentrowały się na ukazywaniu obrazów osób z niepełnosprawnościami w tradycyjnych mediach. Tymczasem we współczesnej kulturze popularnej coraz większą rolę odgrywają nowe media, w tym gry wideo. W związku z tym dziś istotnego znaczenia nabiera zbadanie sposobów, w jakie są w nich ukazywane postacie z niepełnosprawnościami. Zasadniczym celem artykułu jest odtworzenie typowych wizerunków postaci z niepełnosprawnościami w grach wideo, co pozwoli na pokazanie, na ile budowane obrazy utrwalają lub zmieniają istniejące stereotypy. Analizie poddano wybrane gry wideo, w których pojawiają się bohaterowie z niepełnosprawnością. Badanie oparto na analizie kodów kulturowych. Metoda ta została zaadaptowana do badania specyficznego medium, jakim są gry wideo, które angażują użytkownika w proces tworzenia postaci i podejmowanych przez nią działań w świecie gry.
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