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EN
The article addresses the issue of pitfalls which appear during work with the category of resistance and its application in theoretical and empirical analyses. The article presents different perspectives on this notion and discusses its multidimensional character and contextuality. What emerged from the work with that category is its polarization. This phenomenon blurs the category of resistance, at the same time contributing to its excessive limitation. In both cases, there is a risk of recognizing resistance in every situation or ignoring its explicit displays. The aim of the article is to show the struggles of working with a complex theoretical and empirical category that is “resistance” as well as to discuss the pitfalls resulting from the lack of athorough literature analysis and a critical reflection on theoretical and practical studies concerning a given concept and terms connected to it.
PL
W artykule poruszam zagadnienie pułapek pojawiających się w pracy z kategorią oporu i jej zastosowaniem w analizach teoretycznych oraz empirycznych. Prezentuję różne ujęcia tego pojęcia oraz omawiam jego wieloaspektowość i kontekstowość. W ramach pracy z tą kategorią wyłoniła się problematyka jej polaryzacji. Zjawisko to z jednej strony powoduje rozmycie kategorii oporu, z drugiej zaś może przyczynić się do jej nadmiernego zawężenia. Zarówno w jednym, jak i w drugim przypadku pojawia się ryzyko dostrzegania oporu w każdej sytuacji lub ignorowania jego wyraźnych przejawów. Celem tekstu jest ukazanie trudności w pracy ze złożoną kategorią teoretyczną i empiryczną, jaką niewątpliwie jest „opór” oraz omówienie pułapek wynikających z braku wnikliwej analizy literatury a także krytycznej refleksji nad studiami teoretycznymi i praktycznymi dotyczącymi danego pojęcia i terminów z nim związanych.
EN
The article deals with the problem of the infantilization of students, which takes place at universities. The starting point is the thesis that contemporary education at higher levels does not prepare students for the development of critical thinking and does not provide the skills to deal with problematic situations typical of global society. Instead, it approves and implements mechanisms leading to the infantilization of adults, such as: censorship, caution, language medicalization and microaggression. In the text I analyze these dangerous phenomena and indicate the consequences that they bring, not only for the development of the institution itself, but also its autonomy, and above all the students academic growth.
EN
The paper presents the issue of students adaptation to school life and shows its importance for the practice of early education teachers. In the text, school is defined as an institution which strives to subjugate the subjects operating within it while, paradoxically, giving them conditions for resisting the imposed rigours. While trying to deal with this complex reality, students have developed three main styles of adapting to its conditions. These include the following: insider, outsider, and subsider style. The first one is based on conformist actions. Outsiders engage in resistance behaviors which lead to their marginalization and even premature abandonment of the educational path. Subsiders are the ones who are able to resist and transform the dominant reality by acting in a space determined by the dominant culture while, at the same time, crossing the set boundaries.
EN
The following article focuses on the normativity of the rituals of resistance at school. It examines this issue from the perspective of two cultures which clash in the school environment – the dominant culture (school culture) and subordinate culture (street culture). The rituals of resistance have diverse normativity, depending on whether they are tools for maintaining school hegemony or they are supposed to lead to a change in the current order. The article also discusses the typology of students’ rituals of resistance which was developed as a result of comparing M. Czarepaniak-Walczak’s concept of emancipational rose and P. McLaren’s groups of the rituals existing in everyday school life.
PL
W artykule skupiam się na zagadnieniu normatywności rytuałów oporu w szkole. Próbuję rozpatrzyć to zagadnienie z punktu widzenia dwóch kultur, które ścierają się w przestrzeni szkoły, a mianowicie kultury dominującej (kultury szkoły) i podporządkowanej (kultury ulicy). Rytuały oporu posiadają zróżnicowaną normatywność, w zależności od tego, czy są narzędziami podtrzymywania hegemonii szkolnej, czy prowadzić mają do zmiany obowiązującego porządku. W artykule również omawiam typologię rytuałów oporu uczniów, która powstała w wyniku zestawienie koncepcji róży emancypacyjnej zaproponowanej przez M. Czerepaniak-Walczak i wyróżnionych przez P. McLarena grup rytuałów istniejących w codzienności szkolnej.
PL
The article deals with the problem of the infantilization of students, which takes place at universities. The starting point is the thesis that contemporary education at higher levels does not prepare stu- dents for the development of critical thinking and does not provide the skills to deal with problem- atic situations typical of global society. Instead, it approves and implements mechanisms leading to the infantilization of adults, such as: censorship, caution, language medicalization and microag- gression. In the text I analyze these dangerous phenomena and indicate the consequences that they bring, not only for the development of the institution itself, but also its autonomy, and above all the students academic growth.
PL
Artykuł podejmuje problematykę kultury szkolnej z perspektywy tkwiącego w niej oporu. Opór ten jest przejawem sprzeczności kultury szkolnej. Celem artykułu jest analiza przeciwstawnych przejawów kultury szkolnej mieszczących się w różnych obszarach jej oddziaływania. Paradoksalnie kultura szkolna oparta jest na sprzecznościach, a zatem jej pełne poznanie wymaga zdiagnozowania współistniejących w niej dwoistości. Przedmiotem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza zderzenia tych dwoistości w wymiarze normatywnym, organizacyjnym, symbolicznym, przestrzennym, czasowym, estetycznymi interakcyjnym.
EN
The article deals with the issue of school culture from the perspective of its inherent resistance. It is a manifestation of a contradictory nature of this culture. The text aims to analyze the oppositional manifestations of school culture located in different dimensions of its activity. Paradoxically, school culture is constructed from contradictions and thus, its full knowledge requires the diagnosis of the dualities that coexist in it. This article analyzes the clash of these dualities in normative, organizational, symbolic, spatial, temporal, aesthetic and interactive dimensions.
EN
The article attempts to systematize the issue of resistance manifestations in the context of education. The analyses presented in the article are an introduction to designing a three-dimensional model of resistance, which enables to examine acts of resistance from the angle of their three intertwined aspects: action, space and motivation. They are basic layers determining the analysis range of particular displays of resistance in education and society. These dimensions were developed based on the analysis of theoretical and empirical literature regarding the issue of resistance and on the author’s own research on this phenomenon.
EN
The article addresses the problems of presence and absence of child’s voice in kindergarten and their significance for the development of critically thinking entities/citizens. On the basis of our qualitative studies, two separate ways of perceiving the significance of nonadults’ voice in the early childhood education process have emerged. The first one, relating to the affirmation of free child expression, is typical for personal declarations of young educators. The second way is about practising children’s silence in kindergarten and it characterises the events described by aspiring teachers, witnessed during their professional practice. On this basis, we have identified the mechanism of inclusion and the mechanism of exclusion of child’s voice in kindergarten.
EN
This paper addresses the issue of these experiences collected by early education students of the University of Gdańsk and the Pomeranian Academy in Słupsk during teacher training in kindergarten which they specified as hard and presented in essays. Subjecting the events described to a qualitative analysis made it possible to unravel that (a) students find hard instances of children being harmed by teachers, particularly being treated with violence; (b) teacher trainees participate in these incidents as passive, helpless witnesses, as they do not know ways of protecting kindergarten children against maltreatment; (c) it is necessary to better prepare teachers-to-be for resolution of hard situations with children’s participation.
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PL
Celem tekstu jest ukazanie dialektyki funkcjonowania ignorancji w szkole. Na przykładzie rzeczywistej sytuacji ucznia szkoły podstawowej starano się uchwycić znaczenie ignorancji rodziców, która prowadziła do sprzeciwu wobec autorytetu, jakim, z założenia, jest nauczyciel. Zatem ignorancja paradoksalnie może przyczynić się do upełnomocnienia podmiotu. W tekście zostały również omówione epistemologie ignorancji w celu ukazania odmiennych perspektyw funkcjonowania tej kategorii w przestrzeni życia szkolnego.
EN
The aim of this text is to show the dialectic of ignorance as it functions in school. Based on an example of a real situation of an elementary school pupil observed during research, every effort was made to capture the significance of parents’ ignorance, which led to opposing the teacher who, by assumption, is an authority. Thus, paradoxically, ignorance may contribute to subject’s empowerment. Epistemologies of ignorance are also discussed in the text to show different functioning perspectives of this category in everyday school life.
EN
The text analyses the documentation of the periodic evaluation of academic teachers at 22 Polish universities with the faculties of Pedagogy, shows the conditions of this evaluation and characterises its procedure. The content analysis reveals what issues in the internal regulatory documents establish the periodic evaluation of academic teachers and its procedure, as well as the extent to which they are represented in these documents. In order to fully describe the regulations and to explore the differences among the universities in the area of teacher evaluation, the authors used a statistical analysis. The results show a wide variation of the elements that are included in the internal documents regulating the periodic evaluation of academic teachers. The authors refer to the contemporary press and media discussion on the condition of universities and the directions of their development. They interpret the findings referring also to the contemporary perception of a university as an enterprise as well as to strong bureaucracy at the universities and its adverse impact on their evaluation system.
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