This article attempts to discuss borders of interpretation in the light of concrete poetry. The paper compares Franz Mon’s pieces to earlier works, especially A throw of the dice will never abolish chance by Stephane Mallarme. This research is conducted in the context of Mon’s and Mallarme’s metapoetic commentary, who both show interest in the categories of playing and musical scores. The article attempts to transfer this perspective into an interpretation of four texts by Mon.
Хотя в своей поэзии и Болеслав Лесьмян, и Георг Тракль ставят вопрос о месте человека в мире, то можно считать, что их выводы и ответы ведут к утверждению, что «сохранить и спасти человека может –как пишет Тадеуш Славек в своей статье Спасающая опасность постсекуляризма – только то, что нееловеческое ассоциируется с Богом или животным». Это утверждение становится для автора статьи своего рода отправной точкой (Ansatzpunkt), позволяющей сравнить В полете Лесьмяна и таинственный образ синего зверя (ein blaues Wild) в стихотворениях Тракля. Предлагаемая параллель должна показать, насколько нарушена идентичность животного, являющегося другим, чужим существом, от которого человек отчетливо отделяет себя. Это нарушение видимо уже на уровне языка – по размышлениям Деррида слово «животное» подразумевает насилие, от Декарта к Лакану называющее совершенно разные существа, носящие разные наименования. Тем не менее, животное Лесьмяна, подобное Богу, и синий зверь из работ Тракля трудно однозначно назвать и описать. Эти образы заставляют читателя сосредоточиться, что делает язык подозрительным. В связи с этим анализ языка в данной статье направленна то, чтобы проанализировать значение существительного «животное», рождающего такие проблемы, потому что без понимания природы этого существительного, невозможно ответить на вопрос, что есть «божественное» и что есть «человеческое».
EN
Georg Trakl as well as Bolesław Leśmian used poetry to question about peoples’ relationship with the world and both of them noticed that – as Tadeusz Sławek in the article Ratujące niebezpieczeństwo postsekularyzmu wrote – “human could be saved or redeemed only thanks to something which is nonhuman and associated with animal or God.” This statement is for me the Anzatspunkt and allows to compare a poem entitled W locie by Bolesław Leśmian and a mysterious blaues Wild figure in Trakl’s pieces. This article attempts to show specific identity of an animal, which is usually defined as the other being. It is possible to observe this factor also on the language basis. The name “animal” – as Jacques Derrida noticed – violent by itself, is a harmful category. Leśmian’s godlike creature and blaues Wild are not easy to describe –they make readers attentive to the text. This article attempts to analyse this problematic animal noun, because without understanding its nature it might be also impossible to solve the issue what “humane” and “divine” mean.
The aim of this article is to interpret three works by Andrzej Falkiewicz (Fragmenty o polskiej literaturze, Takim ściegiem, Ta chwila), which were not analyzed before. They are referred to as quasi-journals due to their experimental character and intimate tone. The article uses Philippe Lejeune’s definition of a diary to show the connection between its musical and variation form and the principle of repetition, which organizes Falkiewicz’s works and Małgorzata Czermińska’s attitude of challenge idea to present how the reader is pulled into a game by author. An analysis of the texts and the importance of computers in this experiment suggests that quasi-journals require a different approach, pointing out that reader is not as vital in Falkiewicz’s project as it was assumed before.
PL
Artykuł ma na celu interpretację trzech nieprzeczytanych dotychczas wspólnie utworów Andrzeja Falkiewicza (Fragmenty o polskiej literaturze, Takim ściegiem, Ta chwila). Publikacje te zostają określone mianem quasi-dzienników które pozwala uchwycić prywatny charakter tych zapisków oraz ich eksperymentalną. Definicja dziennika przyjęta od Philippe’a Lejeune’a pozwala powiązać charakterystyczną dla tej formy wariacyjną, muzyczną budowę z zasadą powtórzenia charakterystyczną dla autora Polskiego kosmosu, koncepcja zaś autobiograficznej postawy wyzwania Małgorzaty Czermińskiej dostrzec, że Falkiewicz wciąga czytelnika w pewnego rodzaju grę. Jednak bliższa analiza retorycznej warstwy tekstów, a także eksperymentów związanych z wykorzystaniem komputera do nadawania znaczenia warstwie typograficzno-wizualnej nakazuje zrewidowanie wcześniejszych założeń i pozwala spojrzeć na twórczość Falkiewicza, zwłaszcza na Ledwie mrok, z nowej perspektywy, pokazując, w jaki sposób autor, wbrew deklaracjom świadczącym o potrzebie bycia przeczytanym, wymazuje czytelnika z tekstów.
This article attempts to discuss conversion in Gustaw Herling-Grudziński’s stories. Characters in Grudziński’s pieces are neither Jews nor Catholics, they are – as Yirmiyahu Yovel writes in his book The other within – “hybrids, a composite entity in the middle”. The paper applies the figure of marranos from Yovel’s research to reinterpret conversion in Grudziński’s stories and biography and point out how this secret shapes inner conflict in his works.
This article aims to present Marcin Mokry’s poetry. It interprets three texts from which conclusions can be drawn that are representative of his three so far published poetry volumes. The poems are analyzed in the context of literary tradition (experiment, avant-garde, concrete poetry), and, at the same time, constitute a contribution to theoretical and literary considerations concerning such concepts as open work, information, and noise. The last part of this article suggests a solution to interpretative and theoretical problems resulting from reading Mokry’s works with the use of tools developed by Espen J. Aarseth.
PL
W artykule zaprezentowano poezję Marcina Mokrego. Interpretacji poddano trzy wiersze autora, z których wynikają wnioski reprezentatywne dla trzech dotychczas opublikowanych tomów poetyckich. Teksty Mokrego rozważane są w kontekście tradycji literackiej (eksperyment, awangarda, poezja konkretna), stanowią zarazem przyczynek do rozważań teoretycznoliterackich nad takimi pojęciami, jak „dzieło otwarte”, „informacja” czy „szum”. W zakończeniu tekstu przedstawiona została propozycja rozwiązania problemów interpretacyjnych i teoretycznych wynikających z lektury z użyciem narzędzi wypracowanych przez Espena J. Aarsetha.
The aim of this paper is to present the project called Elektroniczny Tezaurus Rozproszonego Słownictwa Staropolskiego (ETRSS - Digital Thesaurus of Scattered Old Polish Lexis). The planned database will gather digital editions of linguistic sources preserved to our times, from the oldest until 1500, which contain Polish vocabulary. The authors present the assumptions of the project, describe the characteristics of scattered Old Polish lexis, outline history of its research, as well as formulate basic principles of the database structure and functionality. They provide examples showing the diversity of the material and some issues related to its presentation and interpretation. The paper also describes the prospects for the development of the project and cooperation with researchers pursuing related projects.
In the canon of the sources of the “Old Polish Dictionary” four types of studies on manuscripts with Polish glosses can be identified: (1) complete editions of texts with of highlighted Polish glosses, (2) thematic studies with excerpts from glossed texts, (3) editions of the “Polish glosses in ...” type containing fragments of Latin texts as contexts for the glosses and (4) library catalogs of manuscripts with lists of notes and Polish glosses without contexts. The article discusses how these editions were used in the “Old Polish Dictionary” and its “Supplement part I”. Analyzing Latin contexts, the authors of dictionary entries verified and supplemented readings given in these editions. The article shows how traces of such changes can be found in dictionary entries and explains how to interpret these inscriptions. Particular attention was paid to the “Catalogue of Latin Medieval Manuscripts of the Jagiellonian Library”, which served the “Old Polish Dictionary” editors as an indication which cards of the Latin manuscripts in the library collection they should excerpt Polish words from. Finally it is proposed, how to solve the problem of filling the material illustration of the “Old Polish Dictionary” in its planned electronic version with new, previously unnoticed or misread glosses, so that the information does not undergo further dispersion.
This paper presents the assumptions of the Corpus of Polish until 1500, which is being developed as part of the project titled Baza leksykalna średniowiecznej polszczyzny (do 1500 roku). Fleksja (Lexical Database of Medieval Polish (until 1500). Infl ection). It introduces the fundamental objectives of the project, namely preparing an infl ectional description of all (infl ected) words from the time until 1500 and building a morphosyntactically annotated collection of texts from the same period. Afterwards, the authors discuss the present digital collections of Old Polish texts. In the main part of the paper, they present the criteria for selecting sources for the Corpus under creation and their elaboration methods, which refer to the solutions developed in the Electronic Corpus of Polish Texts from the 17th and 18th centuries (until 1772). Their major modifi cations aimed to adapt the structural and morphosyntactic annotations for the purpose of describing Mediaeval Polish are discussed on selected examples.
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