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EN
 In this survey article, the author refers to the work of Stephen Levinson and Judith Holler, Sławomir Wacewicz and Piotr Żywiczyński, Michael Tomasello, Giacomo Rizolatti, Michael Arbib, and Marcel Jousse, in order to address the question how in the course of linguistic philogenesis humans and their ancestors developed intentional behaviour. The major points discussed can be formulated as follows: (1) Human language developed against the background of signalling systems, gestural and auditory; (2) There is disagreement as to whether gesture was prior to vocal communication or whether the two developed in parallel fashion; (3) Changes in the behaviour and the biological-neurological aspect of human communication are the key to formulating the theory of mind as the origin of social communication; (4) Considerations of language origin also sheds light on the role of language in interaction and culture.
PL
W artykule, który ma charakter przeglądowy, autorka wykorzystuje badania Stephena Levinsona i Judith Holler, Sławomira Wacewicza i Piotra Żywiczyńskiego, Michaela Tomasella, Giacomo Rizolatti’ego, Michaela Arbiba oraz Marcela Jousse’a, aby na ich podstawie podjąć próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie, jak w procesie filogenezy języka pojawiły się u ludzi oraz ich ewolucyjnych przodków zachowania intencyjne. Najważniejsze tezy zostały sformułowane następująco: 1) Język ludzki powstał na tle systemów sygnałów: gestowych i dźwiękowych; 2) Istnieje spór dotyczący pierwszeństwa gestów nad komunikacją głosową lub równoczesności gestu i wokalizy w procesie powstawania języka; 3) Zmiany na poziomie zachowania oraz biologiczno-neurologicznym w rozwoju ludzkiej komunikacji stanowią klucz do zrozumienia teorii umysłu będący zalążkiem komunikacji społecznej; 4) Refleksja nad pochodzeniem języka prowadzi do roli języka w interakcji oraz w świecie kultury.
EN
Understanding is a cognitive function aiming to produce in the mind images of objects, events or conditions creating reality through the interpretation of the data coming from the outside and produced by the mind. As a result of understanding the speech receiver reconstructs the information intended by the speaker and expressed in a particular form of language. In the activities of understanding one can distinguish a level of the concrete and the abstract. The reality reconstructed at the concrete level is flat and it allows the reaction based on specific stimuli from the outside world. The essence of understanding at the abstract level is the formation of meaningful relations connected not only by signals that determinate specific behavior, but planning one’s own cognitive activity and the use of words as an expression of one’s own thoughts and desires. In the diagnosis and treatment of comprehension disorders it should be assumed that the understanding of a word as a representative of some possible specific objects and situations does not ensure a hierarchical orientation – which relates to the ability to assimilate new information and to reorganize the cognitive models. It is the understanding at the abstract level which is unique for the human species.
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