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1

The Development of Language Skills in Speakers of English as an Additional Language. What Matters More, Daily Use or Age of Onset?

100%

Cilibrasi L., Marková D.

Theory and Practice of Second Language Acquisition

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2022

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vol. 8

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issue 2

1-22

EN

While seminal work identified age of onset to L2 as a core predictor of L2 learning in naturalistic environments, recent research has shown that other variables, such as language use, are more important than an early age of onset in predicting L2 attainment in speakers who learn the second language primarily in school. In this study, we investigated whether the acquisition of vocabulary and the development of overall proficiency in English as L2 can be predicted more faithfully by daily language, intended as daily share of L2 use in comparison to L1s, or L2 age of onset. To explore this issue, we analyzed a large public dataset of 650 speakers (de Bruin et al., 2017), in which participants were native in Spanish and/or Basque and spoke English as an additional language. Participants were previously assessed on their vocabulary skills using the LexTALE task and on their overall proficiency using a semi-structured interview. Language skills were then added to a linear regression model where age of onset and daily use of English were treated as predictors. Our results show that, in this dataset, use is a better predictor of language skills (both lexical knowledge and overall proficiency) than age of onset.

2

L2 learner age from a contextualised perspective

88%

Mihaljevic Djigunovic J.

Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching

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2014

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vol. 4

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issue 3

419-441

EN

In this qualitative study the author focuses on age effects on young learners’ L2 development by comparing the L2 learning processes of six young learners in an instructed setting: three who had started learning English as L2 at age 6/7 and three who had started at age 9/10. Both earlier and later young beginners were followed for three years (during their second, third and fourth year of learning English). The participants’ L2 development was measured through their oral output elicited by a two-part speaking task administered each year. Results of the analyses are interpreted taking into account each learners’ individual characteristics (learning ability, attitudes and motivation, self-concept) and the characteristics of the context in which they were learning their L2 (attitudes of school staff and parents to early L2 learning, home support, in-class and out-of-class exposure to L2, socio-economic status). The findings show that earlier and later young beginners follow different trajectories in their L2 learning, which reflects different interactions which age enters into with the other variables.

3

L2 learner age from a contextualised perspective

88%

Mihaljeviđ Djigunoviđ J.

Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching

|

2014

|

vol. 4

|

issue 3

419-441

EN

In this qualitative study the author focuses on age effects on young learners’ L2 development by comparing the L2 learning processes of six young learners in an instructed setting: three who had started learning English as L2 at age 6/7 and three who had started at age 9/10. Both earlier and later young beginners were followed for three years (during their second, third and fourth year of learning English). The participants’ L2 development was measured through their oral output elicited by a two-part speaking task administered each year. Results of the analyses are interpreted taking into account each learners’ individual characteristics (learning ability, attitudes and motivation, self-concept) and the characteristics of the context in which they were learning their L2 (attitudes of school staff and parents to early L2 learning, home support, in-class and out-of-class exposure to L2, socio-economic status). The findings show that earlier and later young beginners follow different trajectories in their L2 learning, which reflects different interactions which age enters into with the other variables.

4

Charakterystyka umiejętności czytania pojedynczych słów i pseudosłów, poprawnego pisania oraz słownika biernego w języku angielskim (L2) u polskich uczniów gimnazjów i liceów

63%

Łockiewicz M., Warmbier M.

Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio J – Paedagogia-Psychologia

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2018

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vol. 31

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issue 3

EN

The aim of the study was to characterize the level of real word and pseudoword decoding skills, single-word spelling and receptive English vocabulary (L2) of junior high school and high school students in Polish schools. 34 of high school students (56.7%) and 26 of junior high school students (43.3%) who had studied English as L2 for at least three years participated in the study. The participants achieved the level assumed by ESOKJ with respect to reading and vocabulary. High school students quite correctly spelled dictated words while making mistakes due to the negative transfer of L1 to L2; secondary school students, however, failed to complete this task. The knowledge of words in L2 proved to be a predictor of accuracy and fluency of reading words, correct reading of pseudowords, and spelling of dictated words, analogously to relations observed in L1.

PL

Celem badania była charakterystyka poziomu umiejętności czytania słów i pseudosłów, pisania ze słuchu pojedynczych słów oraz słownika biernego w języku angielskim (L2) uczniów gimnazjum i liceum w polskich szkołach. W badaniu wzięło udział 34 (56,7%) licealistów oraz 26 (43,3%) gimnazjalistów, którzy uczyli się angielskiego jako L2 przez co najmniej 3 lata. Badani osiągnęli poziom zakładany według ESOKJ w odniesieniu do czytania i znajomości słownictwa, jednak podczas gdy uczniowie liceum dość poprawnie zapisywali dyktowane słowa, popełniając przy tym błędy wynikające z negatywnego transferu L1 do L2, uczniowie gimnazjum nie poradzili sobie z tym zadaniem. Znajomość słów w L2 okazała się predyktorem poprawności i płynności czytania słów, poprawności czytania pseudosłów oraz zapisu dyktowanych słów analogicznie do zależności w L1.

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2 Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching

1 Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio J – Paedagogia-Psychologia

1 Theory and Practice of Second Language Acquisition

1 Cilibrasi L.

1 Marková D.

1 Mihaljevic Djigunovic J.

1 Mihaljeviđ Djigunoviđ J.

1 Warmbier M.

1 Łockiewicz M.

1 2022

1 2018

2 2014

The Development of Language Skills in Speakers of English as an Additional Language. What Matters More, Daily Use or Age of Onset?

L2 learner age from a contextualised perspective

L2 learner age from a contextualised perspective

Charakterystyka umiejętności czytania pojedynczych słów i pseudosłów, poprawnego pisania oraz słownika biernego w języku angielskim (L2) u polskich uczniów gimnazjów i liceów