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EN
This article explores the representation of the Korean War as a fundamental event in the print media and belles-lettres f Stalinist Czechoslovakia from 1950 to 1952. It focuses on the special features of the mechanism of producing the image of the ‘enemy’ and the ‘hostile’ space, as well as analysing the interaction of period journalism and poetry. The author analyses the central phenomena, which created a cornerstone of the contemporaneous image of the Korean War the figure of the leader and the mythology of the origin of the ‘enemy’), and correlates them with more general mechanisms of creating reality in the first half of the 1950s. He also points out the interlinkage and mutual influences of he pointed propagandistic rhetoric and poetic imagery. The article draws on collections of verse, which contain poems reacting to the war in Korea, and on occasional poems, journalism, and caricatures published mainly in the daily Rudé rávo and the weekly Tvorba. In method, the article is in the tradition of research on ideology as a system of representing the real conditions of existence (as in the work of Louis Althusser and Slavoj Žižek) and the tradition of semiotic analysis of culture and society in the Stalinist period (as in the work of Vladimír Macura), identifying the very active, productive relationship between literature and the powers that be, which creates the very essence of socialist realism as a system (as discussed by Katerina Clark and Evgeny Dobrenko).
EN
The article deals with the concept of Warsaw’s Urban redevelopment in 1949-55 when by means of administrative decisions the authorities introduced the doctrine of Socialist Realism into Polish architecture and urbanism, often regardless of the architectural circles’ criticism. The till-then principles of Warsaw’s redevelopment following Modernist concepts were to be revised and altered. From the regime’s perspective, architecture and urban planning were to serve as tools of prestige consolidation, cultural policy, and doctrinally perceived social engineering.
EN
The paper is an attempt at showing different ‘realisms’ in the oeuvre of Marek Włodarski (Henryk Streng), before 1939 associated with the Lvov group artes, while after 1945 participant of both the famous 1 st Exhibition of Modern Art in Kraków (1948) and the 1 st National Exhibition of Fine Arts in Warszawa (1950), the latter manifesting Socialist Realism. The analysis evolves around the two title paintings: Demonstration of Paintings and Barricade which have their two versions: one painted before and one after the war.
EN
The article focuses on interior design from the first half of the 1950s. The interior spaces realized at that time in Poland elude unambiguous classifications, both in terms of formal and ideological aspects. I propose to look at the interiors from this time not in terms of style (difficult, complex, hybrid), but in a broader sense, as a political, socio-cultural phenomenon. The interiors were supposed to favor social modernization (assumed in the communist project), especially the idea of promotion and changing class habitus. They precisely modeled new forms of social life (cultural spaces), as well as family life, as they defined the way of eating, “being” (gastronomic interiors), spending free time and holidays. The leap into modernity was particularly noticeable in the architecture and interiors with which everyone interacted on a daily basis. Indicating the participation of interiors in the multifaceted modernization process can make us realize the complexity of the post-war reality, including the interior design from the first half of the 1950s, which was related to many spheres of social and cultural life.
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Chełmoński i socrealizm

61%
Biuletyn Historii Sztuki
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2014
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vol. 76
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issue 4
691-701
EN
The Author analyses the image of Józef Chełmoński’s oeuvre as shaped by artistic criticism over the period of Socialist Realism in 1949-56. The leading role in the process can be attributed to ‘Przegląd Artystyczny’, an official magazine of the State Institute of Art and Association of Polish Artists, published in Cracow. However, judging on the grounds of a number publications over the period, Chełmoński was not as strongly promoted by the followers of Socialist Realism as, for example, Jan Matejko, since ‘pure landscape’ which he cultivated, particularly in the latter period, never matched the ideology claiming that paintings should feature a human ‘consciously transforming nature’, this shown in the spirit of ‘critical realism’. The painter of the Indian Summer, though included in the circle of artists close to ‘realism’ in art, was never as highly appreciated as, for instance, Józef Szermentowski or Aleksander Kotsis, which may have resulted from Chełmoński’s excessively strong, as judged at the time, bond with the national and patriotic traditions, while not with the tendencies of supranational ‘social criticism’.
EN
Due to the pragmatic orientation and continuation of modernist artistic solutions, it is difficult to find explicit Socialist Realist traits in the Polish design of that time, especially as the term “Socialist Realist design” remains undefined. Design that is neutral in form can be linked to the doctrine on the level of the socialist concept, aiming at consequent changes in the socialist forms of life. However, the idea of socially oriented design combined with modernization unquestionably had its roots in the broadly understood avant-garde movements. We should not treat this phenomenon as an ideological contradiction. In spite of their avant- -garde pre-war provenance, many ideas were (successfully) put into practice at that time as the design of life for a better tomorrow of the egalitarian (socialist) society.
PL
Trudno w sztuce użytkowej i designie lat 1949-1956 doszukiwać się cech jawnie socrealistycznych. Zresztą trudno byłoby je też precyzyjnie zdefiniować. Socrealistyczność designu, formalnie neutralnego, tkwić mogła co najwyżej w sferze socjalistycznego kontekstu, wytworzenia w konsekwencji zmian ustrojowych socjalistycznej formy życia. Ale sama idea zorientowanego społecznie designu połączonego z kwestią modernizacyjną wywodziła się z szeroko pojętych ruchów awangardowych. Relacja polskiego designu z okresu realizmu socjalistycznego z modernizmem i awangardą wcale więc nie jest oczywista. W powszechnym dyskursie dominuje jednoznaczne przeciwstawienie modernizmu socrealizmowi zakorzenione w odwilżowym micie przełomu 1956 roku. Problem ten zaś wymaga większego niuansowania, zwłaszcza w odniesieniu do designu.
EN
The subject matter of this paper concerns the early phase of Vasily Grossman’s literary career in the mid-1930s. Prior to this period, the author proved his ability to evaluate the mechanisms of censorship and developed his understanding of what was publishable and what could be sanctioned through the publication process of his first novel (Bit-Yunan, Fel’dman 2019). The research material selected for this paper is the lesser-known short story Zhizn’ Il’i Stepanovicha [The life of Il’ya Stepanovich], published in 1935, and the aim is to provide a close reading and an interpretation key to this text. In order to expose the hidden ambiguity of the short story, the chosen research perspective includes a focus on the function of the protagonist as an entity that does not legitimise the socialist myth; a narratological approach on the use of proper names, on “perspective” and the role of the narrator with regard to the axiological structure of the text.
Biuletyn Historii Sztuki
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2022
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vol. 84
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issue 2
367-392
EN
The paper is dedicated to Slovak Socialist Realism, colloquially called Sorela. The actual topic is the relations between the unifying tendency imposed by Soviet Union theoreticians and its local Slovak version. Furthermore, the question is asked about the status of Slovak art in the Czechoslovak artistic life monopolized by the regime authorities. In the paper the presence of Slovak art in state-wide exhibitions is discussed (including the peculiar ‘Artistic Harvest’ cycle), and so are the results of state commissions and important national/Slovak shows. Furthermore, the distinctness visible in stylistic and thematic topoi is pointed to. The most important idiom and identity element is found in the topic of the Slovak National Uprising, at the same time complying with the most important criteria of Socialist Realism. Slovak Socialist Realism proves to have been a non-homogenous tendency, containing both references to Soviet models (Medvecká, Belan, Čemický), and unconventional images, drawing either from the local tradition (Benka), or Modernism (Guderna).
PL
Tekst poświęcony jest słowackiemu realizmowi socjalistycznemu, potocznie nazywanemu sorela. Podjęto w nim problematykę relacji między unifikującym kierunkiem narzuconym przez teoretyków ZSRR a lokalną słowacką jego wersją. Postawiono też pytania o status sztuki słowackiej w zmonopolizowanym przez władzę czechosłowackim życiu artystycznym. W artykule omówiono obecność sztuki słowackiej na wystawach ogólnopaństwowych (w tym specyficznych Plastycznych plonów), efekty państwowych zamówień oraz ważne krajowe/słowackie pokazy. Wskazano głównie na odrębności zauważalne w stylistycznych i tematycznych toposach. Najważniejszym idiomem i elementem tożsamości był temat Słowackiego Powstania Narodowego, spełniając zarazem najważniejsze kryteria socrealizmu. Słowacki socrealizm okazuje się on nurtem niejednorodnym, zawiera i nawiązania do wzorów radzieckich (Medvecká, Belan, Čemický), i obrazy niekonwencjonalne, czerpiące bądź z lokalnej tradycji (Benka), bądź modernizmu (Guderna).
Filoteknos
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2022
|
issue 12
319-331
EN
When Arkadii Gaidar’s novella Timur and His Team was published in 1940, it gained instant critical acclaim, readers’ recognition, and was included in school reading lists for future generations. While the story cleverly combines an entertaining narrative of children’s adventures with political ideology, its main focus is on the character of Timur who embodies an ideal Soviet child and a talented young leader. In post-Soviet children’s culture Gaidar’s story undergoes numerous textual and cinematic transformations that reinforce some general cultural assumptions about Soviet Russia while simultaneously revising and transforming them. The article traces the evolution of Gaidar’s story over time and analyzes its cultural significance. Ultimately, the new versions of Timur and His Team reveal a need for addressing the past either as a traumatic experience or a nostalgic tribute to happy Soviet childhood where children were raised in the spirit of collectivism, national pride, and moral principles.
EN
In the period of Stalinism in Poland, Jan Minorski (1914–1980) and Edmund Goldzamt (1921–1990) were the most prominent promoters of Socialist Realism in architecture, and it is only as such that they were considered in earlier studies. This article is an attempt to critically analyse their accounts of the journeys they made to Western Europe at the time of the fundamental reorientation of official architectural discourse. International contacts, which had been very limited during the Stalinist era, were then resumed, and the “façade” (i.e. Socialist Realist) architecture began to be criticised. Of interest here are Minorski and Goldzamt’s attempts to reconcile their previously preached ideological message with the reality they had observed on the other side of the Iron Curtain in order to create a new narrative about contemporary architecture. These are probably the only such accounts by protagonists of Socialist Realism to have been published during the Thaw. Through their analysis, it will be possible to better recognise the phenomenon known as “Socialist Modernism”.
PL
Jan Minorski (1914–1980) i Edmund Goldzamt (1921–1990) byli w czasach stalinizmu w Polsce najbardziej wyeksponowanymi propagatorami socrealizmu w architekturze i tylko jako tacy uwzględniani są w dotychczasowych opracowaniach. Artykuł jest próbą krytycznej analizy ich relacji z podróży do zachodniej Europy, które odbyli w chwili zasadniczego przeorientowania oficjalnego dyskursu architektonicznego. Wznowiono wówczas bardzo ograniczone w czasach stalinizmu kontakty międzynarodowe, krytyce zaczęto zaś poddawać architekturę „fasadową” (tj. socrealistyczną). Przedmiotem zainteresowania są podjęte przez Minorskiego i Goldzamta próby uzgodnienia głoszonego przez nich wcześniej ideologicznego przekazu z rzeczywistością zaobserwowaną za żelazną kurtyną dla stworzenia nowej narracji o współczesnej architekturze. Są to prawdopodobnie jedyne tego typu relacje protagonistów socrealizmu opublikowane w czasach odwilży. Dzięki ich analizie możliwe będzie lepsze rozpoznanie zjawiska nazwanego „socmodernizmem”.
12
41%
PL
Tekst stanowi krytyczną i wyczerpującą recenzję książki Doroty Jareckiej Surrealizm, realizm, marksizm. Sztuka i lewica komunistyczna w Polsce w latach 1944–1948. Recenzent docenia główne założenie metodologiczne pracy, a mianowicie to, że napięcia i konflikty powstałe w ramach triady „awangarda – realizm – emancypacyjna rola sztuki” nie mogą być sprowadzone do binarnej opozycji między ideologią totalitarną a prawomocnym światem sztuki. W rzeczywistości odzwierciedla ono sprzeczną dynamikę sztuki zaangażowanej politycznie, w szczególności w kontekście powojennej Polski. Pomimo imponującego zaplecza merytorycznego książki, będącego wynikiem obszernej i wyczerpującej kwerendy, recenzent żałuje, że autorka pozostała przede wszystkim historykiem sztuki, a nie stała się społecznym historykiem sztuki. Żal ten nie umniejsza jednak uznania dla jej cennego wkładu w zrozumienie logiki polskich sztuk wizualnych po drugiej wojnie światowej. Obszar ten jest ogólnie znacznie słabiej znany niż literatura z tego samego okresu.
EN
The text offers a critical and comprehensive review of Dorota Jarecka’s book Surrealizm, realizm, marksizm. Sztuka i lewica komunistyczna w Polsce w latach 1944–1948 [Surrealism, Realism, Marxism: Art and the Communist Left in Poland between 1944 and 1948]. The reviewer appreciates the main methodological premise of the book, namely that the tensions and conflicts generated within the triangle “avant-garde – realism – emancipatory role of art” cannot be reduced to a binary opposition between totalitarian ideology and the legitimate art world. In fact, it reflects the contradictory dynamics of politically engaged art in general and thecontext of post-war Poland in particular. Despite the book’s formidable factual support, the result of extensive and comprehensive query, the reviewer still regrets that the author remains primarily an art historian rather than social historian of art. This note of regret however does not diminish this noble contribution to understanding the logics of Polish visual arts in the aftermath of World War II. This area is much less known generally than the literature of this very period.
EN
The study examines the concept of "the popular" in the thinking of theatre director and theorist Jindřich Honzl (1894–1953). By analyzing his essays and articles, the essay describes the changes in Honzl's approach to the popular as reflected in his critical writing during his theatre career and as placed within the context of politics and theatre history. Based on the discussion of existing Czech theatre historiographic literature about Honzl (the majority of which was published before 1989), the study offers novel findings and connections, many of which have been ignored, often for ideological reasons. The essay brings a close study of Honzl's sources of inspiration, from the beginnings of his work in the era of the so-called proletarian theatre, especially by embedding Honzl's thinking in the social democratic ideology and his knowledge of post-revolutionary Soviet theatre until 1925. The essay subsequently offers a characterization of the changes in Honzl's understanding of "the popular" during his Poetism and Surrealist phases, as well as after the Second World War, when he converted to Socialist Realism.
CS
Studie zkoumá koncept lidovosti v myšlení divadelního režiséra a teoretika Jindřicha Honzla (1894–1953). Prostřednictvím analýzy jeho studií a článků autorka pojmenovává proměny pojetí lidovosti v Honzlově uvažování během jeho divadelní kariéry a zasazuje je do divadelně-historického a politického kontextu. Na základě diskuse s dosavadní českou divadelně-historiografickou literaturou o Honzlovi, jejíž většina byla publikována před rokem 1989, přináší studie poznatky a souvislosti, které byly dosud – nezřídka z ideologických důvodů – opomíjeny. Autorka se podrobně zabývá Honzlovými inspiračními zdroji na počátku jeho divadelní činnosti v období tzv. proletářského divadla, zejména ukotvením Honzlova myšlení v sociálně-demokratické ideologii a jeho obeznámeností s porevolučním sovětským divadlem do roku 1925. Následně charakterizuje proměny Honzlova chápání lidovosti divadla v průběhu jeho poetistického a surrealistického období a po konci druhé světové války, kdy se přiklonil k socialistickému realismu.
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