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Lingua Posnaniensis
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2022
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vol. 64
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issue 2
145-175
EN
The paper constitutes part of a long-range series aiming, step by step, to identify the inherited Afro-Asiatic stock in the etymologically little explored lexicon of the Omotic (West Ethiopia) branch of the Afro-Asiatic family displaying the least of shared traits among the six branches of this macrofamily, which suggests a most ancient Omotic desintegration reaching far back to the age of post-Natufian neolithic.
PL
Foreign language learners are commonly taught explicit rules of grammar, but often fail to apply them when confronted with communicative tasks. The article provides analyses on linguistic errors encountered by teachers during language teaching processes effected in homogeneous, all-Czech groups participating in language courses. Additionally, the article discusses the problem of comprehending the glottodidactical (language education) process within the context of a particular communicative situation (cognitive approach). The main focus of the study relates to competitive planes that are subject to the occurence of linguistic interference. A particular attention is given to pronunciation, grammar (inflection and syntax), and to lexis. For primarily Czech-speaking users of the Polish language, the biggest difficulty as far as the pronunciation is concerned, is the pronunciation of alveolo-palatal consonants and palatal hard consonants that are not appropriately differntiated in their realisation (this refers in particular to [ś] and [š], but also to [č] and [ć] ). A similar problem occurs in vowels – a hard vowel [y] is frquently replaced by a soft vowel [i]. A considerable number of occurences of the dental-alveolar [l] in place of the expected [] is identified and discussed. Within the domain of inflection, the article addresses the problem of the apparent equivalence at the level of the plural nominative and singular genetive of masculine nouns (the occurence of regular interference has been demonstrated), whereas a syntactical analysis has made it possible to indicate modifications at the linear level of utterances that are mainly related to an erroneous location of the Polish reflexive pronoun “się”. With regard to lexis, the division of difficulties to be found within the glottodidactical process is raised (semantic, stylistical and onimic difficulties). Additionally, the article discusses the danger of the abuse of colloquial vocabulary in communiques created in informal situations.Key words: teaching of Polish as
EN
The subject of analysis in the article is the visualization of semantics as a result of graphic contamination. The research material comes from Russian and Polish media. The graphic contamination cannot be heard by the human ear, it can only be observed. The new semantic quality is made by the graphic marks such as bracket, hyphen, typeface, graphic symbols. The visualization of semantics is perceived as a graphic game, with the help of which an author imposes the way of the text reception.
EN
The article deals with the way of expressing a semantic subject in the Russian sentences of the type [...] мне жаль с ней расставаться and in their Polish equivalents. The semantic subject can be conveyed explicitly in the form of the dative case in Russian and in the Polish equivalents with the accusative case. It can be also given in the context or remain unnamed due to the meaning generalization or the absence of information concerning its referent. In Polish translations the subject can be expressed by the verb inflection forms.
RU
This paper analyzes the use of perfect tense forms in a collection of Old-Russian charters: Testaments and Contractural Letters of the Russian Great and Appanage Princes of the XIV–XVI centuries. A special attention has been paid to the connection between the presence of an explicit subject and an auxiliary verb and their strict mutual dependence has been proved.
EN
This paper reports on a comparative study performed in the field of Corpus Linguistics. The objective of the research was to analyze the distributional pattern of interactive and interactional metadiscourse features in two modes of academic spoken and written English. For this reason, a list of metadiscourse characteristics was gathered. By using the Sketch engine software, all the words were scrutinized in the corpus and their concordance lines were analyzed one by one in both corpora (British Academic Written English Corpus and British Academic Spoken English Corpus). As the data can show, in both corpora, the general propensity of the authors was towards the interactive metadiscourse features. In addition, in the written corpus, the transitions and endophoric markers were used more often; while in the spoken, endophoric markers and transitions were the most frequently applied metadiscourse features. In the interactional metadiscourse features, hedges and self-mentions were the most frequent in the written form; whereas in the spoken, self-mentions and boosters were used moe often.
EN
The subject of analysis are Polish and Bulgarian idioms with the nominal component oko – oczy / ... – ... [eye – eyes]. An ideographic model of somatic idiom systematization based on the anthropocentric scheme of ideas by the Russian researcher Tatiana Nikitina was used for their presentation. The author focused on group one of the model. It comprises idioms that refer to the man, including to the man as a living and acting being and his internal world. When defining the man as a living and acting being, one can distinguish his characteristic features, process and conditions that are connected with different periods of life, physique, existential needs, physical condition, general sensation, sense perception, feelings and physical activity. The idioms excerpted in the article cover almost all of the above areas.
Lingua Posnaniensis
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2022
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vol. 64
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issue 2
177-209
EN
A retrospective account on past comparative research on Afro-Asiatic (AA) or Semito-Hamitic / Hamito-Semitic (SH / HS, resp.) phonology (first of all consonantism, also root structure) and lexicon, segmented into episodes according to diverse (often overlapping in time) trends is now under way and will be presented part by part in a series of papers. The present paper contains the first ever direction of this research, labelled “Semito-Hamitology” covering studies seeking, in their conception, the “African”, i.e. “Hamitic” kinship of Semitic.
Lingua Posnaniensis
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2022
|
vol. 64
|
issue 1
135-173
EN
A retrospective account on past comparative research on Afro-Asiatic (AA) or Semito-Hamitic / Hamito-Semitic (SH/HS, resp.) phonology (first of all consonantism, also root structure) and lexicon, segmented into episodes according to diverse trends (often overlapping in time) is now under way and will be presented part by part in a series of papers. The present paper contains the first ever direction of this research, labelled “Semito-Hamitology” covering studies seeking, in their conception, the “African”, i.e. “Hamitic” kinship of Semitic, without a permanent communis opinio over the whole century of this ‘trend’ (better: amalgamate era) regarding the limits of the family.
10
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Etnologie a romistika - hine abo nane pheňa?

88%
EN
Even today, Roman studies are not a preferred or widespread scientific branch in this country. It is not possible to aim the study of the Romani history and culture at any particular ethnological category because there are subethnic Romani groups widespread all over the world. Most of the experts therefore focus on a certain region, selected part of history and culture or on a certain subethnic group. The roots of the Romani studies in the Czech Republic go back to the 1960’s and are connected with the names of Phdr. Eva Davidová and doc. Milena Hübschmannová. Up to this day, no programme focused on the Romani culture and history exists apart from the department of Romani studies in the Indological Institute at Charles University in Prague and the lecture and tutorial activities of the employees of the Museum of Romani Culture. In the work of this museum, it is necessary to use the ethnological knowledge. In some cases, it is utilized completely. Another time, it is necessary to use comparative linguistics, both in the relationship Romani - non-Romani and in the relationship Romani - Romani. Some terms that are normally used in ethnology, e.g. folk costume, are entirely improper in the case of the Romani culture. The results of the Romani studies should be utilized in other scientific branches as well. In practice, what prevails is the misunderstanding of the Romani models of behaviour and the effort to substitute them with majority customs, which leads to mutual alienation and mistrust.
PL
Morphological categories of Siberian Turkic numerals are particularly complex and therefore deemed to be especially advantageous to areal investigations. The aim of this paper is to see whether (at least some of) the suffixes of collective numerals can readily be used as isogloss connecting Yakut and Dolgan with Tuvinian and Tofalar or, maybe, also some other Turkic languages.
EN
The aim of this paper is to demonstrate semantic similarities and differences between Polish and Russian verbs with suffixes -ну-/-ną-. The analyzed affixes form semantically neutral semelfactive verbs in standard Polish and Russian. The main differ-ence can be observed in the spoken language, in which suffixes -ну-/-ną- form expressive semelfactive verbs. The study shows that the Russian suffix -ну- is more productive as it can be added to almost any durative verb stem and it is part of another suffix -ану-, which does not have an equivalent in Polish. In Polish the expressive character of -ną-verbs can be achieved secondarily as a result of a metaphorization and metonymyzation of semantically neutral verbs.
EN
The author describes in the article project of researching the anthroponymy of the Polish-Czech borderland on the section of the Moravian Gate (Gorzyce – Krzyżanowice municipalities on the Polish side and Hať – Hilheřovice – Bohumín municipalities on the Czech side). The described borderland belongs to the so-called transitional borders, whose characteristic feature is the mixing of the population of two or more nations (or ethnic groups), and the effect of it is movement of the population in this area. As a result, the so-called third culture has developed, which had a major impact on the shape of names of the inhabitants, as well as on the choices of names for their children. Another factor in changing the form of surnames is the interference of an official who has often changed the spelling form of the surname in accordance with the language norm in force in his native language.
14
75%
EN
On the basis of a comparison of Polish analytic nouns (e.g. sala gier) and their Czech equivalents (herna) characterised by suffixal word formation, it is possible to conclude that Czech shows a greater degree of inflectionality. This is confirmed by other language features described by Czech Slavicists who investigate the degree of inflectionality of Czech and Polish (and other Slavonic tongues) from the typological point of view.
EN
The tendency in researching language stylistics is that researchers rather start from a certain style and assign language properties to it, including syntactic ones. In the presented article, which is based on the model of functional syntax (Kiklewicz 1999; 2004), the author suggests an opposite research perspective, that is analysis of stylistic properties of specific kinds of syntactic structures. Being completion of the former description rule this research suggestion contributes to a comprehensive presentation of language competence where stylistic markedness of language units constitutes an important aspect. For this reason and due to isolation of categorical content of the function, scope of its meaning and reference the suggestion depicted is so helpful in comparing languages.
EN
The present article is an attempt at establishing away of understanding the term ‘wealth’ as well as characterizing all the phenomena the term encompasses in communities of Polish, Russian and German students. The author analyses the results of averbal association test.
RU
В настоящей статье определяется способ понимания понятия богатство современными польскими, русскими и немецкими студентами в аксиологическом аспекте. Автор анализируетрезультаты теста вербальных ассоциаций.
EN
During the 1930s, when Olbracht wrote all his Subcarpathian novels, he started to become involved in literary translation (basically to earn a living in all probability), translating exclusively from German and mostly from the work of Thomas Mann. This study carries on from the the work of Jiří Opelík from 1967, which for the first time put forward the proposition that Olbracht´s approach to translation work was very active, so these translations acted as catalysts to hasten the qualitative transformation in Olbracht´s work. The study compares the collection of prose works Golet v údolí (1937) with Thomas Mann´s tetralogy of novels Joseph and his brothers (1926-1942), from which Olbracht translated a total of three works during the 1930s (the first two in collaboration with Helena Malířová). A comparison of both authors´poetics (the nature of the fictional world, their specific conceptions of myth, the narrator and the characters) indicates that between the two works there are several analogies supporting and in many respects complementing Opelík´s theory. A look at Golet v údolí in the light of Mann´s tetralogy opens up new ways of interpreting this crowning achievement by Olbracht.
CS
Ivan Olbracht se začal ve třicátých letech 20. století, v době, kdy vznikly všechny jeho podkarpatské prózy, věnovat literárnímu překladu (pravděpodobně zvláště z existenčních důvodů). Překládal přitom výhradně z němčiny a nejvíce z díla Thomase Manna. Studie navazuje na práci Jiřího Opelíka z roku 1967, který poprvé vyslovil tezi, že Olbracht k překladům přistupoval velmi aktivně, a ty tak sehrály roli katalyzátoru, jenž uspíšil kvalitativní proměnu Olbrachtova díla. Ve studii srovnáváme soubor próz Golet v údolí (1937) s tetralogickým románem Thomase Manna Josef a bratří jeho (1926-1942), z něhož Olbracht ve třicátých letech přeložil celkem tři díly (první dva ve spolupráci s Helenou Malířovou). Na základě srovnání poetik obou autorů (charakter fikčního světa, specifické pojetí mýtu, vypravěč, postavy) se ukazuje, že mezi díly existuje řada analogií, které Opelíkovu tezi podporují a v mnohém doplňují. Pohled na Golet v údolí ve světle Mannovy tetralogie otevírá nové možnosti interpretace tohoto Olbrachtova vrcholného díla.
EN
The paper focuses on the analysis of free indirect discourse as a modernist narrative form. We outline the basic narrative and linguistic characteristics of free indirect discourse and examine its main functions in the literary texts. We undertake a comparative analysis of three examples of free indirect discourse (drawn from the texts of G. Flaubert, F. Kafka and V. Nabokov) and display their common and distinctive features.
EN
The aim of this article was to discuss Ukrainian and Polish sources of mycological vocabulary and to highlight the necessity of initiating ascholarly discourse on this subject. The analyzed vocabulary (especially myconims) appears in numerous scholarly texts (not only mycological), popular science books, literature, as well as in folklore. Each of these areas provides alinguist with apotential source of datasince linguistic research can be conducted in many fields (i.e. paremiology, dialectology, terminology, etymology).
UK
Названо і обговорено українські та польські джерела мікологічної лексики, а також обґрунтовано необхідність започаткувати мовознавчі дослідження у цій галузі. Функціону­вання мікологічної лексики на рівні тексту, зокрема міконімів, зводиться до її присутності внаукових (з різних галузей, не тільки у мікологічних працях) iнауково-популярних робо­тах, в літературних текстах, у сфері фольклору. Кожна з названих ділянок — це для мовознав­ця потенційне джерело потужних лексичних ресурсів, aмовознавчі дослідження можна буде вести на багатьох рівнях (пареміологія, діалектологія, термінологія, етимологія тощо).
EN
The article concerns the history of linguistics in the 19th century, in particular August Schleicher’s place in the history of linguistics and his scholarly heritage for linguistics in the 20th century, recalling that he was the founder of a method still characteristic of comparative linguistics today. The report describes the theory and methodology of this German representative of comparative linguistics, presenting Schleicher’s research, which was influenced by Darwin’s Origin of Species and by Hegel’s philosophy. In Prague (1850–1857) Schleicher worked intensively on the synchronic and historical grammar of Old Church Slavonic (1852) and of Lithuanian (1856–1857). In Jena (1857–1868) he wrote one of the major syntheses of comparative and historical grammar of the Indo-European languages  — his Compendium der vergleichenden Sprachwissenschaft der indogermanischen Sprachen (Compendium of the Comparative Grammar of the Indo-European Languages, 1861–1862) in which he postulated the first historical and comparative phonology of the Indo-European languages, which depends on the regularity, or “universal validity”, of the rules of sound change, or “sound laws”, and consolidated the large number of phonological and morphological descriptions of individual Indo-European languages into the unified system of a reconstructed Proto-Indo-European language; Schleicher then represented the inter-relationships of the Indo-European languages in the form of a genealogical tree diagram (Stammbaum).
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