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EN
Guessing and item omission may be regarded as risk-taking or risk-avoidance strategies – sex specific adaptations to testing situations. In this article, these phenomena were analysed by (a) percentage of omissions by sex, (b) negative binomial regression to asses sex differences in the number of omissions, (c) c-DIF analysis using IRT-LR test and (d) linear regression using item attributes, to assess whether the c-parameter is sex differentiated by the percentage of omits (controlling item difficulty). The data set analysed were from the 2012–2014 Polish lower-secondary schools final exams, comprising tests in maths, language, science and humanities. Contrary to the vast body of literature, boys omitted items slightly more frequently than girls. Possible explanations of this finding – specific to the Polish examination system – were provided. The hypothesis of a higher c-parameter for boys did not find strong support from this study. It was shown that the c-parameter should not only be interpreted as resulting from item non-omission. This supports the modern concept of the c-parameter as a consequence not only of random guessing, but also problem solving, creative guessing or cheating.
Turyzm
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2020
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vol. 30
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issue 1
71-83
EN
National parks are among the most frequently visited tourist places in Poland. Every year, millions of tourists travel to spend time there and their number is constantly rising. National parks take nearly 30% of all domestic tourism. However, the number of people visiting individual national parks strongly varies. Some parks are visited by millions, others by only several thousand. The article is an attempt to indicate the main causes of the varying number of tourists visiting national parks. By analysing individual features of tourism in specific national parks, especially in those where the differences are most visible, the author attempts to distinguish aspects which may explain this phenomenon.
PL
Right to (information) privacy and right to personal data protection have many common contact points. However, the very act of developing data protection, as a younger right into the sui generis right shows that these two rights are not the same and that there are differences between them, huge enough to make them separate legal rights. The main trigger for noticing their different nature, purpose and background and for development of the data protection into the separate right was the revolution in the information technology solutions. This IT progress, for the first time, enabled massive and relatively cheap operations with the personal data and brought not only concern about the security of the personal data, but also unbelievable business possibilities. It was the turning point for the codification of the data protection right which started from 1970ies, aiming to create separate rules and legislation which will understand the importance of not only of protecting personal data but of their regulated and lawful usage. Despite all what was said, there is still certain confusion regarding these two rights, mainly because in the initial phase of the massive usage of the new IT solutions, when the data protection legislation still wasn’t developed, information privacy right served as the only legal protection of the data protection right and the relationship between these two rights is complex even today and deserves to be further researched
EN
The first Waldorf school was founded by Rudolf Steiner in 1919 in Stuttgart for the children of employees of the Waldorf-Astoria factory. The anthroposophical doctrine created by Rudolf Steiner, which originated on the basis of theosophical thought of a known occultist Helena Bławacka, constitutes the school’s worldview basis. The anthroposophical concept of man and the world, accepted by Waldorf education, determines its work methods. Hence, in younger classes the appropriately chosen fables, fairy tales and legends are used, which provide preparation for the future thought and judgments of youth. The most important subject, often called “the school’s heart” is eurhythmy. It is a specific art of movement, gesture, sign and symbol, which enables pupils to achieve the harmony of body and soul in aesthetic and musical experience. It is called sacred, initiatory art by the anthroposophers themselves. The fact that the fundamental basis for the Waldorf school is anthroposophy accepting reincarnation, self-salvation, and Satan as a good deity, and Jesus Christ as a sun deity, makes it impossible to align with Christianity.
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Babilońskie zaklęcie przeciw bólowi zęba

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EN
The first Waldorf school was founded by Rudolf Steiner in 1919 in Stuttgart for the children of employees of the Waldorf-Astoria factory. The anthroposophical doctrine created by Rudolf Steiner, which originated on the basis of theosophical thought of a known occultist Helena Bławacka, constitutes the school’s worldview basis. The anthroposophical concept of man and the world, accepted by Waldorf education, determines its work methods. Hence, in younger classes the appropriately chosen fables, fairy tales and legends are used, which provide preparation for the future thought and judgments of youth. The most important subject, often called “the school’s heart” is eurhythmy. It is a specific art of movement, gesture, sign and symbol, which enables pupils to achieve the harmony of body and soul in aesthetic and musical experience. It is called sacred, initiatory art by the anthroposophers themselves. The fact that the fundamental basis for the Waldorf school is anthroposophy accepting reincarnation, self-salvation, and Satan as a good deity, and Jesus Christ as a sun deity, makes it impossible to align with Christianity.
EN
Commonsense views on difference between men and women tend to assume that there are distinct consistent and highly significant biological differences between sexes. Gender can majorly be classified as male or female according to their physical characteristics: external genitalia, internal genitalia, gonads (the organs which produce sex cells), hormonal States and secondary sex characteristics. Because of these differences, women are capable of bearing suckling children, whereas men are not. These differences in physique between men and women usually depict men to be stronger and more muscular. Biological differences are widely believed to be responsible for the difference, in both the behavior of men and women and the roles that they play in society. Sexually transmitted diseases in Nigerian educational institutions are very alarming. This paper will address issues in equality of gender and age and how gender affects sexuality in Nigerian society. It will also look into the Bible and Christianity with particular reference to gender discrimination. To cap it up, the Christian response to sexually transmitted diseases with particular focus on (HIV/AIDS) in Nigerian educational system. Also, the psychological and spiritual assistance to the victims will be x-rayed with a logical conclusion.
PL
W dniach od 19 do 21 września 2013 na Uniwersytecie w Gdańsku odbył VIII Ogólnopolski Zjazd PTP. Zjazd odbywa się co trzy lata. Tym razem hasło przewodnie Zjazdu brzmiało: Różnice-edukacja-inkluzja. Dyskutowano o różnicach w pojmowaniu celów edukacji i jej efektów, a także o włączaniu ludzi w realizację najistotniejszych idei teraźniejszości. Sprawozdanie krótko prezentuje program konferencji i najważniejsze myśli z wystąpień uczestników.
EN
From 19th to 21th September 2013 at Gdańsk University the VIII National Congress of Polish Pedagogic Association took place. Congress is organized every three years. This time the subject of the conference was: Differences-education-inclusion. The discussions were concentrated on aims of education and its results, as well as including people in realization of the most important ideas of the present. The report briefly presents the conference program and significant thoughts of the participant.
PL
Liderzy organizacji non profit stają w obliczu problemów związanych z delegowaniem zadań i egzekwowaniem ich wykonania. Mają oni ograniczone możliwości wpływania na pracowników, którzy przeważnie są wolontariuszami. Celem artykułu jest udzielenie odpowiedzi na następujące pytania badawcze: Czy liderzy polskich nonprofitów czują się osamotnieni w podejmowaniu decyzji i realizacji zadań? Czy istnieją różnice między organizacjami non profit, for-profit i publicznymi w zakresie tego, kto podejmuje w nich decyzje? Czy istnieją różnice między organizacjami non profit, for-profit i publicznymi w zakresie tego, kto realizuje w nich zadania? W badaniach ankietowych wzięło udział łącznie 315 celowo dobranych respondentów: 105 liderów oraz 210 pracowników niepełniących funkcji kierowniczych (odpowiednio: po 35 oraz po 70 z każdego typu organizacji). W artykule zaprezentowano wyniki analizy wypowiedzi liderów. Zastosowano test Kruskala-Wallisa celem identyfikacji ewentualnych różnic międzysektorowych. Wyniki przeprowadzonych badań upoważniają do wniosku, że w polskich organizacjach non profit istotna część liderów czuje się osamotniona i pozostawiona sama z problemami dotyczącymi funkcjonowania organizacji. Muszą oni w znacznym stopniu samodzielnie podejmować decyzje i wykonywać zadania, ponieważ nikt z personelu ich w tym nie wspiera lub czynią to nieliczni. Analiza porównawcza wykazała, że w przypadku organizacji non profit problem ten jest powszechniejszy niż w organizacjach for-profit i publicznych.
EN
Leaders in nonprofit organizations face challenges related to assignment and enforcement of tasks. Their influence on employees, who are mostly volunteers, remains largely limited. The purpose of the article is to answer the following research questions: Do leaders in Polish nonprofits feel alone in making decisions and carrying out tasks? Are there any differences between nonprofit, for-profit and public organizations in terms of who is responsible for decision-making? Are there any differences between nonprofit, for-profit, and public organizations in terms of who is responsible for carrying out tasks? A total of 315 non-randomly selected respondents participated in the study: 105 leaders and 210 employees not holding managerial positions (35 and 70, respectively, from each type of organization). The article shares the findings of the analysis of leaders’ statements. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to identify possible cross-sectoral differences. The results prompt a conclusion that a significant part of leaders in Polish nonprofits experience “loneliness” and a sense of being left alone with problems related to the functioning of the organization. To a large extent, they have to make decisions and carry out tasks on their own, as they receive little to no support from employees. The comparative analysis showed that this problem is more prevalent in nonprofits than it is in for-profit or public organizations.
9
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Gender Differences in Leadership

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EN
The following study presents preliminary research into leadership differences between men and women. This research study is preliminary in character and is intended to initiate a discussion on the impact of gender as a factor in leadership style. Data analysis from a pilot study suggests that differences do exist, but does not provide information as to their source. Further research is needed to answer that question.
PL
Poniższa praca przedstawia badania dotyczące możliwych różnic w sposobie przywództwa między kobietami a mężczyznami. Badanie ma charakter wstępny i ma na celu zainicjowanie dyskusji na temat wpływu płci jako czynnika wpływającego na przywództwo. Analiza danych z badania pilotażowego sugeruje, że różnice istnieją, natomiast nie odpowiada na pytanie co jest ich źródłem. Aby odpowiedzieć na to pytanie, konieczne są dalsze badania.
EN
The paper is an appendix to gender studies and foreign language teaching. The author presents the interrelationships between gender differences and interaction in language classroom, motivation, achievements and learning strategies of boys and girls. She shows the complexity of these problems when she describes biological and social factors influencing the female and male behaviour and development of the pupils‟ cognitive skills. The assumption that underlies the basis of the text says, that Gend-er Studies should be considered in various fields of language education.
EN
Flavius Josephus' interpretation of the biblical books is one of the most famous and model ancient examples of rewriting biblical stories in a new historical and cultural context. This is done in a way that does not alter their deepest meaning, and at the same time may better serve the immediate aims of an author writing for a specific audience and taking into account their political situation. An excellent illustration of this way of translating a text is the story of the biblical Esther as described in the  Antiquities of the Jews. This article presents a comparison between the text of an ancient Jewish historian and the Bible. In doing so, it focuses on four selected passages of the narrative in which the changes made, although they may seem insignificant, emphatically demonstrate this way of rewriting biblical stories. Notably, one can observe Josephus' tendency to emphasize the role of Mordecai and to correct the harsh image of the Persian king. This corresponds perfectly with the role and position occupied by the historian himself in the Roman court of Emperor Vespasian.
PL
Interpretacja ksiąg biblijnych w ujęciu Józefa Flawiusza jest jednym z najbardziej znanych i modelowych starożytnych przykładów przepisywania historii biblijnych w nowym kontekście historycznym i kulturowym. Dokonywane jest to w sposób, który nie zmienia ich najgłębszego sensu, a zarazem może lepiej służyć doraźnym celom autora tworzącego z myślą o konkretnych odbiorcach i ich sytuacji politycznej. Znakomitą ilustracją takiego sposobu przekładu tekstu jest historia biblijnej Estery opisana w Dawnych Dziejach Izraela. W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono porównanie tego tekstu spisanego przez starożytnego historyka żydowskiego z kanonicznym tekstem biblijnym. Skupiono się przy tym na czterech wybranych fragmentach opowiadania, w których wprowadzone zmiany, choć mogą wydawać się mało znaczące, to dobitnie ukazują ten sposób przepisywania historii biblijnych. W przypadku księgi Estery zauważalna jest przy tym tendencja Flawiusza do podkreślania roli Mardocheusza oraz poprawiania surowego wizerunku króla Perskiego, co znakomicie współgra z rolą i pozycją zajmowaną przez samego historyka na rzymskim dworze cesarza Wespazjana.
PL
W artykule rozważane są wzajemne powiązania badań ilościowych i jakościowych. W pierwszej kolejności zdefiniowano istotę i założenia tych badań oraz dokonano porównań pomiędzy nimi w oparciu o zasady filozofii, kwalimetrii (działu nauki zajmującego się teorią jakości) oraz statystyki. Następnie omówiono różnice występujące pomiędzy obydwoma rodzajami badań w kontekście planowanych zadań badawczych. W dalszej części opracowania opisano możliwości skutecznego łączenia badań ilościowych i jakościowych w procesie triangulacji.
EN
This article examines the interrelationships between quantitative and qualitative research. Firstly, the essence and assumptions of quantitative and qualitative research methods were defined and the comparison between them was made on the basis of philosophy, quality metrology (a branch of science dealing with quality theory) and statistics. Moreover, the differences between the two types of research were discussed in the context of the planned experiments and empirical research. In the next part of the study, the possibilities of effective integration of quantitative and qualitative research in the process of triangulation were described.
EN
The author compares two funeral pieces by Kasper Miaskowski (Polish Kaliope to death by Wojciech Gajewski and his Epitaph) with a funeral speech preserved in a manuscript and read by Wojciech Miaskowski. It aims at praising late Wojciech Gajewski in order to verify similarities between the texts and, simultaneously, whether one may speak of a relation between them. In the article, essential similarities of inventive nature were indicated: authors used the same arguments to enhance the topos fortitudo et sapientia serving to praise the nobleman. Similarities also concern elocutions which are associated with the use of specific notions in identical contexts. These resemblances seem to prove the poet’s oratory skills. The author also focuses on differences in the elaboration of issues by writers, claiming that, following Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski’s opinion, the reason for this lies in different purposes of the speaker and the poet. Therefore, the differences resulted mainly from poetic generalisation which in the Renaissance period was also connected with ‘silva rerum, poetry. Moreover, an analysis of the funeral speech enables the author to gain complementary knowledge on Gajewski’s biography.
PL
Artykuł jest poświęcony analizie kluczowych nierówności regionalnych współczesności. Celem jest opisanie i analiza najważniejszych współcześnie nierówności, rozwijających się pod wpływem otwarcia kraju w związku z globalizacją i europeizacją, urbanizacją i zmianami demograficznymi, przejściem do ery poprzemysłowej. Zwięźle omówiono nierówności rynku pracy, kapitału ludzkiego i społecznego, innowacji i konkurencyjności i dostępności infrastruktury (komunalnej i strategicznej).
EN
This article is devoted to analysis of the contemporary key regional inequalities in Po-land. The main aim is analysis of most important inequalities developing under the influence of opening of the country in relation to globalization and europeization, urbanization and demographic changes, transition to postindustrial era. The following inequal-ities are being presented shortly: on the labor market, human and social capital, innova-tiveness and competitiveness, municipal and strategic infrastructure accessibility and digital exclusion.
EN
This paper analyzes basic development trends in European Union's organic farming during the period 2005-2011. The analysis is based on data provided by EUROSTAT, IFOAM and FAOSTAT. Individual time series are analyzed through basic index, chain index, geomean, correlation analysis and elasticity analysis and logarithmical regression. The aim of this paper is to identify basic development trends in the following areas: organic land development; the number of organic farms; and the value of organic market development. Research also identi es existing differences among individual EU countries in the area of organic farming development. A part of the paper is also devoted to the relationship that exists between organic farming development and agricultural subsidies/supports in individual EU countries. The size of organic farmland increased significantly and also the number of producers increased. The significant organic farming growth can be demonstrated in majority of analyzed countries. It should be emphasized that high growth of organic farming size was obvious especially in the new EU countries. In general, it is clear that organic farming represents a specific market niche in the European agricultural market. Organic farming development is connected especially with the new consumption trends and also with the growth of individual countries economies and especially with the growth of income per capita in individual countries. The growth of organic farming is stimulated especially by the demand side of economy rather than by government subsidies. The conducted analysis proved much higher correlation and elasticity of organic farming sector performance in relation to individual countries' economy development than it is in relation to individual countries' government expenditures.
EN
Today Ukraine is in the process of establishing an integral base for adult education and the system of employees’ professional development. Hence, the research of the experience of the countries with a fixed, ramified, but integral system of normative and juridical documents in the above-mentioned fields can be of great use. Addressing to the USA and Canada is caused by the fact that in these countries the questions of vocational training and professional development of employees are juridically regulated. The article represents the results of the comparative analysis of legislative provision of professional development of employees in the USA and Canada in general, and tourism employees, in particular. Laws for analysis were taken from official sites of state and federal bodies. All of them have been systemized into 4 categories: laws on employment, on human resources, on vocational training and professional development, adult education. Common and different features of both countries have been defined. It has been determined that legislative bases of the USA and Canada are ramified and diverse, but at the same time they are integral and coherent. The analysis has shown that they have a lot of common features, similarity of normative and juridical documents, which is caused, mainly, by the geographical location of these countries, by the market economy which they both have, by similar social problems and common development trends. It has also been found out that Canada has a unique federal program EMERIT aimed at continuous learning of tourism employees and their professional development. The study of foreign experience allowed us to distinguish the progressive ideas to be applied to the development of Ukrainian legislative provision.
ES
La territorialización argentina de la perspectiva queer articuló la academia con los movimientos sociales, TLGB y de derechos humanos. Potenciándose con las políticas trans/travestis contra la represión policial e institucional, la crítica queer visibilizó la jerarquización producida por las diferencias sexo-genéricas a través de los mapas sociales trazados por las estratificaciones de clase, etnia y edad de los cuerpos. La ley que amplió el matrimonio con independencia del sexo de sus contrayentes (2010) y la Ley de Identidad de Género (2012), entre otras, desafían e impactan la implementación institucional de la Educación Sexual Integral frente a la tensión entre la normalización identitaria de las diferencias y el sistemático cuestionamiento y desmontaje de los dispositivos de (a)normalización. Este trabajo propone una genealogía política de las primeras territorializaciones de la perspectiva queer en Argentina para reflexionar sobre la articulación de los activismos y los movimientos sociales con los dispositivos institucionales de producción, legitimación y circulación de conocimientos y saberes en clave sexo-genérica.
EN
The Argentinian territorialization of the queer perspective articulated the academy with social, TLGB and human rights movements. Empowered by trans/transvestite policies against police and institutional repression, the queer critique made visible the hierarchy produced by the sex-generic differences through the social maps traced by the class, ethnic and age stratifications. The law that expanded marriage irrespective of the sex of its partners (2010) and the Gender Identity Law (2012), among others, challenge and impact the institutional implementation of Integral Sexual Education in the face of the tension between the identitarian normalization of differences and the systematic questioning and disassembly of (a)normalization dynamics. This work proposes a political genealogy of the first territorializations of the queer perspective in Argentina to reflect on the articulation of activism and social movements with the institutional mechanisms of production, legitimation and circulation of knowledge in a sex-generic key.
EN
This paper seeks to establish the place of the polarisation-diffusion model in the transformation of the European Union's cohesion policy. Given the generally admitted poor efficiency of the equalising model pursued so far, the polarisation-diffusion model is seen as a basis of a new paradigm of regional policies of the member states implying changes in the directions of intervention under development policy. This article was written as part of the research project “Socio-economic development and the formation of areas of economic growth and stagnation”, funded by the National Science Centre in Poland (N N306 791940). The project was implemented by a team of staff members of the Department of Regional Analysis of the Institute of Socio-Economic Geography and Spatial Management, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, headed by the present author.
PL
Celem pracy jest określenie miejsca modelu polaryzacyjno-dyfuzyjnego w przemianach polityki spójności Unii Europejskiej, który w sytuacji powszechnie wskazywanego braku efektywności modelu wyrównawczego postrzegany jest jako podstawa nowego paradygmatu polityki regionalnej państw członkowskich warunkującego zmiany ukierunkowania interwencji polityki rozwoju. Artykuł powstał na potrzeby badań prowadzonych w ramach projektu badawczego „Rozwój społeczno-gospodarczy a kształtowanie się obszarów wzrostu i obszarów stagnacji gospodarczej” finansowanego ze środków Narodowego Centrum Nauki (N N306 791940). Projekt był realizowany przez zespół badawczy Pracowników Zakładu Analizy Regionalnej Instytutu Geografii Społeczno-Ekonomicznej i Gospodarki Przestrzennej, którym kierował autor.
Teologia w Polsce
|
2016
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vol. 10
|
issue 2
129-140
EN
Every age requires that theology seek such a language that would allow the expression of the revealed truths adequately to the way of thinking of contemporary people. That is why theology benefits from the current philosophy. New philosophical tendencies however, expressing the way of thinking of a modern man, may raise doubts as to their theological contributes. It is so because e.g. some philosophical currents question previous philosophical narrations which may raise concerns that they controvert simultaneously the theological systems based upon them. This situation is particularly visible actually, when one asks about the legitimacy of the use of postmodernist philosophies in the sphere of theology. Nevertheless, there is a possibility of transposing (translating) of the basic categories of traditional philosophies and their theological implications to the categories of new and unverified philosophical systems and this possibility proves the adequacy mentioned above. The present article attempts to verify whether the basic categories of deconstruction may be compatible with the categories built upon the Neo-platonic philosophy.
PL
Każda epoka wymaga, aby teologia szukała takiego języka, który pozwalałby na wyrażanie prawd objawionych adekwatnie do sposobu myślenia współczesnych ludzi. Dlatego teologia korzysta z obecnej filozofii. Nowe tendencje filozoficzne, wyrażające sposób myślenia współczesnego człowieka, mogą budzić wątpliwości co do ich wkładu teologicznego. Jest tak, ponieważ np. niektóre nurty filozoficzne kwestionują wcześniejsze narracje filozoficzne, które mogą budzić obawy, że jednocześnie psują oparte na nich systemy teologiczne. Ta sytuacja jest szczególnie widoczna, gdy pyta się o zasadność wykorzystania filozofii postmodernistycznych w dziedzinie teologii. Niemniej jednak istnieje możliwość przeniesienia (przetłumaczenia) podstawowych kategorii tradycyjnych filozofii i ich teologicznych implikacji na kategorie nowych i niezweryfikowanych systemów filozoficznych, i ta możliwość potwierdza adekwatność wspomnianą powyżej. Niniejszy artykuł próbuje zweryfikować, czy podstawowe kategorie dekonstrukcji mogą być zgodne z kategoriami zbudowanymi na filozofii neo-platońskiej.  
EN
In the paper I focus on the problem of a contrastive description of medicinal plants with colour terms in the Polish and German linguistic picture of the world. The article discusses the question of what people think about the world and its elements on the base of herbs. Colours in the botanical nomenclature express some social contents, they are signs, have value and convey information about reality in two languages. They result from a complex set of circumstance e.g. traditions, habits, ways of life, experiences and the mentality of Poles and Germans. The contrastive description demonstrates also that the most plants have in both languages the names with ‘white’ and ‘black’.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł poświęcony jest semantyczno-kulturowej interpretacji nazw ziół w polskim i niemieckim językowym obrazie świata. Jego celem jest opis porównawczy nazw gatunkowych roślin leczniczych z komponentem barwy. Określenia takie są bogate znaczeniowo, przekazują nie tylko informacje o wartości i funkcji koloru w codziennym życiu, ale pokazują również, w jaki sposób ludzie w danej kulturze postrzegają, uwydatniają i wartościują elementy otaczającej ich rzeczywistości pozajęzykowej. Nomenklatura fitoterapeutyczna z elementem kolorystycznym jest bowiem produktem określonej kultury, łączącym w sobie elementy codziennego życia użytkowników danego języka, odzwierciedlającym tradycje, zwyczaje oraz sposoby myślenia członków danego narodu o rzeczywistości pozajęzykowej. Przedmiotem analizy jest materiał egzemplifikacyjny pochodzący ze źródeł leksykograficznych. Z badania wynika m.in., że językowy obraz nazw roślin leczniczych zależy nie tylko od wyglądu rośliny, jej walorów smakowych, wartości czy mocy, ale również od potrzeb i wybranych skojarzeń danej zbiorowości językowej, a największą reprezentację w nazwach ziół znalazły barwy biała i czarna.Słowa klucze: zioła, kolor, rzeczywistość, analiza, podobieństwa, różnice 
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