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EN
The new core curriculum for general education introduced in September 2017 (Journal of Laws 2017, item 356) introduced changes taking into account the use of new technologies in early school education. From now on, the school is to better prepare students for the requirements of a digital society, including a creative use of media. This requires the teacher’s readiness to introduce the media into the educational process, commitment to and efficient use of the digital media in individual education. I was wondering about the attitude of early school education teachers to using new technologies in lessons (especially in the context of the new curriculum). Moreover, I wanted to see if teachers show commitment to developing their own digital skills. Such an attitude would be justified: the high digital competences of teachers not only help the proper implementation of the core curriculum in grades 0-3, but also help in career promotion and prepare children for efficient functioning in a digital society. To answer the above questions, I carried out my own diagnostic survey on a group of 460 early school education teachers (N = 460), using a questionnaire. Teachers indicated a diverse attitude to both the changes introduced in the core curriculum and the use of digital media in education. They mainly point to their own digital incompetence in the use of new technologies in early school education lessons. New media are most often used in lessons by teachers older in terms of age and work experience; we can associate it with teachers’ professional promotion, which is connected with the requirement of using multimedia in the learning process as defined by the legislator. Teachers do not rate their digital skills too highly yet at the same time show interest in courses, trainings and workshops organized by the school, thanks to which they can improve their skills in this area. They also recognize that a digitally competent teacher is the answer to the needs of a new, modern school.
EN
Danish Public Service Broadcasting has gone through two consecutive transitions. The first in the late 1980s and early 1990s was a transition from a paternalistic public service monopoly, Danmarks Radio, to a so-called Danish model with two dominating non-profit public service stations in a competitive television system. The second is an ongoing transition from public service broadcasting in an increasingly politicised and competitive television system to public service media in a complex digital media environment. The article analyses the transition processes in a media system and media policy approach with focus on political, juridical, economic, and institutional perspectives. The article presents two main arguments. Firstly, the institution Danmarks Radio, the politicians, and most of the national cultural elite experienced the first transition as revolutionary, and in respect to agenda setting, mode of address, and institutional changes the transition was revolutionary, but the ‘real’ revolutionary transition is the current transition to a digital media environment where the original idea of broadcasting is challenged by fundamental changes in the relation between media institutions and media users. Hence the whole concept of public service has to be reconsidered, and the public service institutions will have to reinvent new positions for themselves. Secondly, Danish media policy in general and public service broadcasting in particular has historically been dominated by a national cultural and political paradigm, but in the current situation are (national) cultural issues marginalised and the media policy is governed within international economic and legal paradigms.
EN
Starting from emotion culture as a current phenomenon in mass media communication, this article concentrates on practices of emotionalization. First, however, media, areas of emotion and alternative publics are explained from various perspectives. They condition the emotionalization in texts and bring it about. Using the example of some previous studies on digital forms of communication, concrete practices of emotionalization are named and explained.
EN
The article shows the role of digital media in everyday human life and its infl uence on the formation of attitudes and behaviors. Attention was paid to the special role played by the widespread use of modern communication technologies in family relationships. It was emphasized how the relations between parents and children changed as a result of the rapidly growing technique of mobile phones and their latest version in the form of smartphones. Thanks to smartphones, there is possible an universal access to the Internet, which is both asource of information as well as allows to use different instant messengers for communication. This broadly understood access to the digital environment has a very positive meaning in our everyday life, unfortunately it also carries some threats resulting primarily from uncritical use of Internet resources. The article also contains results of the author’s own statistical research on the impact of the Internet on family relationshipscarried out by the author in the Ivano-Frankivsk region of Ukraine.
EN
Children grow up surrounded by new technologies, which obviously affects their entire childhood. Observing the closest environment – family and school – children undergo digital socialization and learn that by means of new technologies you can interact with society. They quickly notice that new technologies make it easier to enter peer relationships, but they can also pose a kind of danger by generating negative phenomena. Early school age children's perception of such entering into social relations with the help of new technologies has become the subject of research presented in the article. To answer the research problems set out in the text, I used the method of focus interview conducted on a group of nine-year-olds (5 groups of 3 children in each group). Based on the data obtained, I came to the conclusion that the social relations in which the child enters with the help of new technologies are just as important and significant for a child as those that take place directly. They allow children to integrate on the basis of common interests and experiences, but at the same time they can also be the cause of social exclusion or can lead to giving a specific rank to a peer group. On the one hand, they prove to be helpful – by strengthening social skills acquired offline, they are also a place where a child rejected by peers finds support. On the other hand, for other children, they can cause a build-up of their problems: can cause exclusion and increase feelings of loneliness. Undoubtedly, they change the way children spend their free time, which increasingly takes place with the help of new technologies. However, the way of entering social interactions does not change – usually relationships are initiated in the offline world but developed and maintained in the online world thanks to new technologies.
EN
The aim of the article is to popularize and attempt to reflect on the phenomenon of visuality in various areas of life in the age of new media. The first part of the text introduces the meaning of the term 'visualization' and shows various dimensions of visuality, which is an attempt to validate the assumption about the leading role of image in the modern world. The next part presents the main characteristics of visuality. Visuality is a mean of communication, description of events and expressing emotions. Visual objects affect both the cognitive and emotional sphere, which is the reason behind the constant increase of importance of the message with their participation. The last part of the article contains analysis of the positive and negative aspects of visuality. The dual nature of modern visual messages is associated with the specifics of digital media. The ease of creating and sending images in the era of new media leads to overload of the space with visual objects.
EN
With the arrival of the Internet the already-existing mass media have undergone a complete revolution. Among the most affected subtypes one could easily distinguish the press, which had to find its own place within the new medium. The fierce competition in the realm of online publishing has engendered a number of idiosyncratic linguistic devices used to lure the readers. One of the most popular ones is the phenomenon recognized as clickbait, i.e. an umbrella term for a number of techniques used to attract attention and arouse curiosity. In the following paper, we shall investigate the presence of the said phenomenon in online headlines. In order to do that we shall perform a corpus-based analysis of the data acquired from the most popular American social news outlets on the Internet, namely Buzzfeed, TMZ and E!Online. Apart from establishing the extent to which clickbait has dominated online headlines, we shall also pinpoint and discuss the specific linguistic techniques used to attract potential readers
EN
In the past several years, trends in both international security and media environments have led to successful securitization of news media. Amid growing debate about “fake news”, disinformation campaigns and hybrid warfare, news came to be viewed as a weapon of contemporary international conflict. Based on Adam Mickiewicz University’s experience of participation in a global education and research program “News Literacy” (devised at Stony Brook University, New York, USA) the authors would like to propose the concept of news security. It is a relatively new sector of security related to the public’s protection from deliberate disinformation and the manipulation of news. This relatively new and promising area of research is strongly connected to the broader concepts of human security and cybersecurity. Access to reliable and truthful information can be viewed as a human right and a precondition for stable and healthy functioning of democratic societies. At the same time, current threats to news security are highly conditioned by technology revolution in media (driven by digitalization and network effects). The article aims to present the concept of news security and its constituting features as another approach to study and practice of both human security and cybersecurity. It also includes insights and experiences derived from the authors’ participation in the “News Literacy” project, focused on critical media education for a better informed public. Analysis presented in the article focuses on identifying key drivers and characteristics of news’securitization taking place globally. The authors examine the statistical data on digitalization and media consumption patterns, as well as analyze a case study of disinformation. A typology of strategies employed by different states to ensure news security is presented and comments on their effectiveness are made.
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EN
Turkish advertisements in the form of a case study to determine which factors seem to play the most important role in terms of viral marketing message perception in Turkey. As a country in which the increasing role of digital media and the internet is beginning to dominate interpersonal communication, the use of viral approach in marketing is also growing. The examples of most viral videos in Turkey from the previous years confi rm that the most important factor which determines the success of a viral message is its content, which should be at the same time attention-catching and entertaining. Nevertheless, the seeding strategy is the factor which accelerates the success of viral messages.
EN
Education for sustainable development (ESD) challenges traditional curricula and formal schooling in important ways. ESD requires systemic thinking, interdisciplinarity and is strengthened through the contributions of all disciplines. As with any transformative societal and technological shift, new questions arise when educators are required to venture into unchartered waters. Research has led to some interesting findings concerning digital literacies in the K-12 classroom. One finding is that a great deal of digital media learning is happening outside the traditional classroom space and is taking place in the afterschool space (Prensky, 2010). Understanding the nature of learning in the afterschool space and bridging the current divide between formal schooling and the learning happening online is critical to the establishment of core ESD values and skills, namely ethical online communities and the development of respectful, tolerant global digital citizens.
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Thinking in the Network

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EN
The aim of this paper is to examine the monograph titled Thinking in the Network (2018), written by Miroslav Marcelli. The monograph is a contribution to a better understanding of the phenomenon of collective intelligence that is formed under the influence of new digital media, and one that could help us solve national or global problems. Marcelli emphasizes that collective intelligence needs to be cultivated. The author agrees and adds that it may be a new evolution of humanity, because the cognitive abilities have to adapt to collective thinking under the influence of digital media and communication in the cyberspace.
EN
The birth of virtual reality marked a new path forward and also gave a fresh view of reality, allowing alternative ‘readings’ of cultural heritage. This new way of representation and simulation was soon associated with the term virtual environment, used to indicate those interactive three-dimensional models that could be navigated and that simulated a place, building, or synthetic representation scheme in real time. A virtual environment is like a “microscope for the mind” that allows you to elaborate amplified projections of the material world, to “look beyond” simple appearances and to make logical connections between elements grouped together. In recent years, virtual environments have been greeted positively by the public and scholars, testified by the quantity of thematic conferences on the subject of Virtual Archaeology. Despite this, there are still many contradictions found in the varying terms and the diverse aims of the developing disciplines that gravitate around the field of virtual reality such as Cultural Virtual Environment, Virtual Restoration, Virtual Archaeology, Enhanced Reality, and Mixed Reality. The spread of new media has upset the traditional systems of communication such as books, television, radio and even the roles of some cultural stakeholder. With this in mind, the role of virtual heritage also consists in transmitting information using the language and cognitive metaphors used in video-games, considering these as cultural paradigms for a form of communication that is freed from the classic rules of elite culture. It is quite frequent to find projects of digital promotion for monuments that are characterised by difficulty of access, or for objects that have been taken from their original context. One solution to enhance the accessibility of those sites is certainly the use of some visual computing technologies which without presuming to be the ultimate answer to the problems posed, try to offer communications tools that permit an effective support to the visit.
EN
The contemporary music industry is in a period of remarkable change. Thanks to the powerful internet and digital media technologies, the global audience has gained the access to the fast-expanding music catalogue, while the artists have discovered new ways to make their music available worldwide. There is an intense debate over the issue of internet piracy and the level of protection for intellectual property. Music piracy – the unlawful distribution of copyrighted digital music files that can be easily shared over the Internet – is widely considered a detriment to the music business and the main cause of declining album sales. As such, it remains a key challenge for the major record labels. But is piracy inevitably a lose-lose situation? This paper analyzes a number of alternative academic views on the file sharing issue and the ambiguous role of music downloading on the current downturn in CD sales. The findings show that rather than tackling piracy, it is now crucial for the music industry to implement new business and communication models, which will eventually exploit the emerging digital technologies, improve their public image and deliver high quality content which appeals to listeners more than piracy does.
EN
In the face of technological development, the relationship between freedom, including freedom of speech, and security – especially its digital variety, namely cybersecurity – is a particularly difficult relation. It should be pointed out that the international plane is an indispensable dimension of human rights protection, since it is in the international plane that new standards in the field of human rights are created, which are then brought into the system of domestic law and the practice of states. Meanwhile, the existence of international legal regulations increasingly often becomes a guarantee of the effectiveness of domestic legal systems. International institutions often become the institution of appeal for individuals and a lever to force state governments to respect fundamental human rights and freedoms. Support for individuals, communities or nations fighting for their rights, and their success in this struggle, contribute to the formation of a new democratic international order.
EN
Recommendations made by policy makers, increasing competitive pressure and growing popularity of digital media among participants of teaching processes contribute to their increasingly extensive use at Polish universities. The fact that the teaching processes has entered the new, digital dimension reveals the need for information concerning the relevance of use of electronic media, especially from the perspective of achieving learning outcomes. Given the above, the purpose of this paper is to present results of research on opinions of both students and academics on the need and significanceof the application of digital media in the learning processes.For the purposes of the article, a quantitative research was conducted among 86 students and 66 teachers from University of Economics in Katowice. The data was collected in April 2015 using an online surveying technique and analyzed using statistical description.In the light of our results, the application of electronic media seems to not only be imposed by macro- and micro-environmental conditions, but also to be expected by the main participants of educational processes taking place at university level. The results show that both groups of respondents consider the use of digital media at least as advisable for the achievement of learning outcomes (71.8% of responses covered labels: advisable, recommended or required). However, the level of necessity is slightly higher when digital tools are used by students (80.7%) than by teachers (70.3%). In general, multimedia presentations have been identifiedas the most required form of digital media application in teaching at the university.
EN
The interview centres around Thomas Elsaesser’s book Film History as Media Archaeology and is divided into three thematic blocks. Focusing on the origins of the book and its composition in the first part, the discussion uncovers Elsaesser’s engagement in numerous research initiatives, teaching at the University of Amsterdam, and his contribution to the emerging area of early cinema studies. Further exploration of the latter gives an insight into his views on the development of the discipline and outlines his distinct position in the field of media history. The second part concentrates on Elsaesser’s approach to the study of cinema and its interaction with other media. With the discussion of study cases presented in the book, speakers explore the ways in which non-teleological models can enhance our knowledge of forgotten or obsolete technologies and their origins. Clarifying his position, Elsaesser shows how these approaches also transform our perception of contemporary media and their history, and how digital technology shapes our understanding and the use of past inventions. The conversation within this group of subjects also touches upon hazards and limitations of applying archaeological perspective to studying media history and moves to the speculations on the future of the archaeological approach in the humanities. In the third part, the interview shifts towards broader issues, in particular: the technological transformations in cinema over the last decade, the significance of digital devices in reconfiguring our relationship with the past, and the potential contribution of media archaeology to the development of non-linear historiographical models in scholarship.
EN
The subject of the article is the specific nature of historical narration in digital media (YouTube). Both the media where the Polish state is the channel owner and ones belonging to individual political parties and fractions are being studied. The relationship between the narration and national identity is analyzed. The question under discussion is to what extent national identity is a phenomenon ingrained in the ethnic and historical peculiarities of a given society. The authors contrasts the primordialist concept with Ernest Gellner’s modernist concept. In the second part the authors refer to the discussion about the significance of historical narration for the formation of identity: if historical narration is just an accidental component of identity formation processes or rather a fundamental one.
EN
In this article, I argue that the concept of convergence, as is still applied to media theory, has become an insufficient way for examining the current state and future of media phenomena. This is substantiated by the fact that digital media continue to exponentially percolate into human experience in ways that transcend mere integration.  I contend that a recognition of post-convergence as a theoretical realization is crucial to future developments in media theory because it presumes that digital media are progressing toward a “digitization of life” in ways that are envisioned within the very logic of digitality. As post-convergence continues its way to become a theoretical realization, media theory should begin posing its questions about the digital not in terms of how traditional media and its attributes prevail in the digital, but of how digitality as an objective reality engenders experiences of the real requiring approaches that can only be formulated from the logic of post-convergence.  From such theorization, I propose a working typology for conceptualizing the possible nature and direction of post-convergent media: hyper-mediation, bio-digitality, hyper-connection, and hyper-simulation.
EN
Public relations is a critical profession in contemporary society, which is characterized by global interaction, relationships, and responsibility. Unfortunately, public relations has been institutionalized as a symbolic-interpretive activity that organizations use to exert their power over publics and to disguise the consequences of their behaviors from publics, governments, and the media. This article discusses an alternative role for public relations as a strategic management rather than a messaging activity. It presents a model of public relations in strategic management and examines research that elaborates segments of the model: environmental scanning, stakeholders and publics, issues and crises, scenario building, cultivating and evaluating relationships, tracing the effect of relationships on reputation, planning and evaluating communication programs strategically, and how digital media can be used to further the strategic management process. It concludes that research is needed on how public relations can be empowered and institutionalized as a strategic management activity.
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