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EN
One of the most frequent problems in translation is the question of translation of hypocorisms: inasmuch as Polish is rich in diminutives, English practically does not have them. Diminutive and affectionate forms in a very limited range of contexts, and descriptive (analytical) diminutives are of little stylistic interest. The article discusses examples of coping with this problem in translations both from Polish into English, and from English into Polish. The authors tries to answer the question if it is possible to retain the emotionality expressed in diminutives of a translated text. Two texts were selected for the analysis: Jan Kochanowski’s Laments in Stanisław Barańczak and Seamus Heaney’s translation, and Ronal Fairbank’s The Flower Beneath the Foot, translated by Andrzej Sosnowski. Laments, addressed to a dead child, are of particular interest for the analysis, because diminutives and terms of endearment are frequently used and perform a peculiar function of creation of meaning. Discussing this translation, the author of the article tries to demonstrate that the emotionality expressed by Kochanowski through hypocorisms has been expressed by other means in the English translation: the right choice of epithets, and orchestration of the verse. In the Polish translation of Firbank’s novel, the hypocorisms introduced by the translator are read not as an arbitrary addition, but as elements that contribute to the camp climate of the novel, and reflect the irony, artificiality, and theatricality of the work, by means that are accessible in Polish language.
EN
Since there are many differences between the standard Croatian language and the Croatian dialects (Čakavian, Kajkavian and Štokavian), Croatian literary works written in dialects usually include a glossary or otherwise try to bring their language closer to inodialect readers. This paper first reconstructs the models of translating modern Croatian dialect literature into the standard Croatian language and then analyses the advantages and disadvantages of each model.
EN
The aim of this article is to investigate the usefulness and applicability of CAT (Computer-Aided Translation) programmes in relation to the qualities (e.g. standardisation, predictability, terminology) of the translated text. In the study both scientific articles and translator’s forums are taken into account in order to establish advantages and limitations of commercial CATs. It appears that CAT programmes influence cognitively the translator’s work and even though they are supposed to facilitate his or her work, they may hinder or slow down the process of translation. These programmes are also applicable only in the case of certain types of texts, namely those which are standard and predictable and they fail in the case of texts which are linguistically or culturally-coloured. Furthermore, translators express numerous practical concerns regarding CATs (e.g. their price, instability). However, their use has become a very basic translation skill and it is no longer an advantage but an absolute necessity for anyone wishing to work as a translator.
EN
Czesław Miłosz remains among the most important foreign authors and literary authorities for Chinese poets. Initially received in China with distrust and uncertainty, then portrayed in the official state discourse of romantic-revolutionary literature as the bard of socialism, Miłosz became the spiritual father of the younger generation affected by the Cultural Revolution and Tiananmen Square Massacre, a witness of the age, and a symbol of intellectual independence and resistance against totalitarianism. After a period of reading Miłosz in terms of ethical and political categories, Chinese reviews and literary texts in the 2010s and 2020s increasingly refer to Miłosz as philosophical and metaphysical poet. This article analyses Miłosz’s reception in China, paying attention to the historical, cultural, and linguistic factors that shaped the assimilation of his work and the values he brought to Chinese poetry.
EN
The author attempts at showing the impact which style has on the process of translation. The theoretical angle presenting the role of style in a literary text is followed by an examination of the style adopted in Cloud Atlas by David Mitchell, which is a novel consisting of six stylistically independent stories with subtle connections established between them. The analysis of the text’s stylization to make it resemble a diary, a host of letters, a journalistic thriller, a memoir, an SF interview and a spoken tale allows to depict the strategies used in the translation of the novel and characterize the factors which determine style, such as genre, historical time, characters and others.
EN
The phenomenon of the translation of postmemorial novels could be interpreted as a case of a so called travelling memory. The notion of postmemory connotes a temporal shift, while the process of translation implies a spacial one. In order to study the reception of such literary works in a foreign context, it is necessary not only to take into account such aspects as the knowledge of the receiving public about their historical background and the source literary system but also the existence – or lack – of parallel literary forms of expressing memory in the target culture. In the article, conditions of the reception in Spain of three Polish postmemorial novels, Weiser Dawidek by Paweł Huelle, Hanemann by Stefan Chwin and Tworki by Marek Bieńczyk, are discussed on.
Národopisný věstník
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2022
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vol. 63
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issue 1
135-145
EN
Proper names and realia are an integral part of literary translation. Often, they are intertwined and lexemes denoting realia are linguistically realized in the form of propria. The main aim of the article is to determine when proper names, within the transfer of literary text into another cultural environment, are approached as a translatological problem of realia. The article is based on their cultural characteristics, zero equivalence and high association potential. We disagree with the assumption of many authors that anthroponyms do not belong to the cathegory
EN
The fantastical and devilish qualities of The Master and Margarita by Mikhail Bulgakov created a need for the adequate means of expression. Therefore, the phraseological units are the most representative group, as they belong to the more colloquial part of language, and have a more familiar stylistic tone. The units with the words “chort” or “devil” are the most significant, therefore they were analysed in depth from the point of view of the translation theory. To exemplify the aforementioned phenomenon, the author refers to two sources: the canonical translation of The Master and Margarita by Irena Lewandowska and Witold Dąbrowski, which is still present in the consciousness of the Polish reader, and the newer version authored by Andrzej Drawicz. The comparative analysis of the selected material indicates that the authors of both translations preferred to use the phraseological units which differed in structure or the lexical composition from their Russian counterparts. However, the juxtaposed “translation equivalents” indicate the similarities in which Polish and Russian language capture our reality.
EN
The very text is directly related to the text entitled “On the Process of Translation of a Literary Text. A Case Study of “Edzio” by Bruno Schulz (an overview of an exercise)” published a year ago (see Chruszczewski 2019). “The vast majority of texts regarding a number of issues connected with the notion of translation describe the translated text as a product – that is another text rendered into another culture, not even mentioning another language. The idea of this exercise was based upon an attempt of having a look at how exactly the process of translation of a literary text would proceed. This short presentation is just a small fragment of a much larger work devoted to the process of translation” (Chruszczewski 2019: 57–58). It is a presentation of a translation exercise undertaken by ten students coming from two different seminar groups. Each of the students have translated from Polish into English a text of a comparable length. All the students are bilingual, and fluent in English. None of them is a native speaker of English. After the translation exercise was completed the texts were assembled and integrated into a coherent literary narration in the target language. All students were asked to try to write down their impressions while they were translating the text, including what was the rationale behind their decisions. As one can notice, it was relatively easy for the students to provide interesting translations, but the majority of them found it exceptionally difficult to describe their choices as translators. The above can be a hint for future theorists of translation studies to start large scale interdisciplinary projects based on the interesting fact that translation processes (in plural!) can work differently within the minds of translators even if they are almost at the same age and they come from quite similar cultural and linguistic backgrounds.
EN
The article is grounded in the conviction that linguistic means used to model the authorial “I,” which evade systemic interpretations, are crucial for the autobiography and can be considered its translation dominant. The comparative analysis focuses on the phenomena constructing the narrator’s perspective in the Polish original and the translator’s decisions which resulted in a shift in the French version. The translator’s interference, involving the sentence syntax, inclusive and exclusive forms of pronouns, or the neutralization of the grammatical category of the person (through changed realization of semantic functions or abandoning of non‑finite verbal forms) all modify the narrator’s relation, in the act of writing, to the world of words in statu nascendi but also, primarily, to the factual world of memories.
EN
The purpose of the research is to identify a range of possible ways of explication in the translation of a literary text, their study and systematization taking into account the general strategy of the translator. The task of the research is to consider and analyze the application of explication in Ukrainian translations of G Wells’s novel “The Invisible Man” performed by M. Ivanov and O. Didyk using the method of contextual, comparative and, in some cases, component analysis. The undertaken analysis of scientific theories testifies that the reasons that prompt the translator to apply explication can be external and internal. One of the factors at the junction of internal and external causes is the role of the translator as a mediator in the process of interlingual communication. Based on comparative analysis, we concluded that M. Ivanov’s translation decisions quite specifically and adequately reflect the versatility and complex intertwining that are characteristic of G. Wells’ reproduction of the picture of what is happening. However, it is not always possible to prioritize the decision of M. Ivanov, as very often the translator deviates from the original and applies a paraphrase. O. Didyk’s translation is dominated by a position with a focus on the recipient culture. The practical significance of the study is in the possibility of using the conclusions and recommendations in the practice of literary translation and editing of translated texts, as well as in assessing the quality of translation.
EN
This study presents some of the results stemming from my research on picturebook translations for children and young adults in the context of multimodality, and in particular, the strategies used by translators of this specific type of multimodal message. The aim of the study is to determine whether translation scholars’ postulates on picturebook’s translation are reflected in reality. In order to determine this, I will investigate the choices of translators of this medium and their awareness of multimodality. I intend to conduct a series of individual in-depth interviews with picturebook translators. The first interview has already been conducted and analysed, and in this paper I present the results of this analysis. In the examples cited from the supporting material, it can be observed that the translator took into account the relationship between the textual and visual layers, changing the original text in accordance with the visual layer.
EN
In order to be a part of an explanatory theory of translation, translation competence should be taken as the specific competence a translator needs beyond general types of competence, such as the knowledge of the source language and the target language. In literary translation, the translator is an expert reader of the source text, whereas in scientific translation it is unrealistic and not necessary to expect this. This imposes different requirements on translation competence.
EN
Colours are an indispensable part of Virginia Woolf’s novels. In The Waves her dynamic brushstrokes, like those of impressionists, make colours come to life and surrender to the movement of the sun. One of the colours on Woolf’s palette is purple. Its ambiguity and specificity has influenced the lexemic variation introduced by Lech Czyżewski in his translation of the novel. The article seeks to establish the status of English purple as well as its Polish counterparts: szkarłatny and purpurowy. The starting point for the analysis is the evident semantic and cognitive ambiguity of purple. The observations concentrate on the use of purple in the novel’s interludes. The modifications of the colour term as well as the distribution of the two colours give intriguing testimony to Woolf’s idea that writers – in this case, translators – are great colourists
EN
For obvious reasons, literary translation is only marginally present in the general teaching of translation at university level. The interest of both teachers and students naturally focuses on texts of everyday use. However, the specific nature of poetic works, first of all their multidimensionality, makes them an excellent material to sensitise the future translator to diverse linguistic, intertextual and culture-related phenomena which, in a less pronounced form, also occur in non-literary texts. Thus, this article is intended as a plea for the inclusion of poetry in translation teaching.
EN
The author pays attention to the Polish-Russian literary contacts after 1917. The subject of critical analysis is the translation heritage of Y. Tuvim – polish poet, writer and translator, participant of the literary club “Little Lodge in Kolomna”, founded in Warsaw by D. Filosofov. Y. Tuwim is better known as the translator of A. Pushkin, V. Mayakovsky by todays readers However, in his rich heritagethere are also works of Russian emigrants: L. Gomolitsky, N. Evreinov, V. Khodasevich.
EN
De-Sovietization became an important issue of the post-Soviet Ukrainian agenda, and the Russo-Ukrainian war gave a strong impetus to it. The subject matter of the present study is the instrumentality of literary translation in eliminating the Soviet ideology in independent Ukraine. The research is made within the sociological approach, which allows to describe the specific features of the sphere of literary translation, influenced by the sociopolitical and ideological factors. The research material includes the data on the translated texts published in contemporary Ukraine in the state bibliographical index and the catalogues of the leading Ukrainian publishers of foreign literature as well as para- and metatexts (translators and editors’ commentaries, interviews and publications in media).
EN
The aim of this article is to interpret Szymborska’s poem entitled The Railroad Station and its English translation, from the point of view of the key poetics of negation. From the point of view of linguistics, literary studies, and translation studies, the poem is demonstrative of the variety of forms of negation and their semantic functions used in Szymborska’s entire oeuvre. The translators use numerous and various forms of formal and semantic negation as well, but they lack the central pragmatic negation. Szymborska doubts whether ‘our’ world is the best of possible worlds: since there is only one course of events, ‘the paradise of probability’ is ‘artificial’; the world is a burial ground of possibilities that did not come true.
EN
The focus of this study is the lexical-semantic dynamics in Romanian biblical versions. We have selected a number of ten texts that are representative for a comparative analysis of the “Parable of the Prodigal Son,” from Gospel according to Luke, chapter 15, verses 11–32: Coresi’s Tetraevangelion (Coresi 1561), The New Testament from Bălgrad (NT 1648), The Bible from Bucharest (Bible 1688), The Vulgata from Blaj (Bible 1760), The Bible from Blaj (Bible 1795), The Șaguna Bible (Bible 1858), The Synodical Bible (Bible 1914), The Cornilescu Bible (Bible 1921), The Radu-Galaction Bible (Bible 1938), The Anania Bible (Bible 2001). We shall only discuss the lexical-semantic dynamics from a diachronic perspective, observing that the church language (the biblical language, in this case) is characterized mainly by simplicity, accessibility and conservatism, and this is why the dynamics of the vocabulary does not know the amplitude that is common to other fields. We note the presence of lexical coincidences in successive versions of the Bible: a word that has not been replaced at all, resisting during several centuries. The stability of a word is usually proof of its framing within the basic vocabulary of the language and an index concerning the genealogy of texts. The lexical substitutions from the biblical versions have different explanations: (i) the use of different sources (especially, the Slavonic, Greek or Latin sources); (ii) the passage from the principle of literal rendering to the literary translation; (iii) language variation (diachronic, stylistic and dialectal variation).
EN
George Steiner’s Hermeneutic Motion, published in his major book After Babel, is usually regarded as the most important theory in the hermeneutics and even philosophy of translation. The work, however, has received criticism by authors who normally write outside of the classical realm of hermeneutics. A lingering assumption is that hermeneutics, and even other strands of Continental philosophy, necessarily need or should rely on Steiner’s postulates. A critical approach to his theory from a hermeneutic perspective can clarify how valid/practical Steiner’s ideas are. Reviewing all of the chapters in After Babel, this study thematically unifies the criticisms on Steiner’s theory, while highlighting deeper conflicts in the work. As a most substantial reading of the hermeneutic motion, the study emphasizes the importance of emerging hermeneutic theories of translation in the twenty-first century.
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