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EN
The starting point for my reflections was a thesis presented by Max Weber more than one hundred years ago. According to this thesis, a Protestant ethos was an important factor responsible for the spectacular economic growth of Northern Europe. In his own reflections, the German scholar paid attention mainly to both Protestant asceticism, which concentrated the energy of believers on the work they did, as well as on theology, especially Calvinism, which provided explanations for hard work and the accumulation of capital. It seems, however, that in his reconstruction of the Protestant ethos, Weber described universal mechanisms which are responsible for social mobilization in general. The problem is that instead of trying to analyze them, he ultimately concentrated on their cultural manifestations. The main aim of my paper is an identification of these mechanisms. They discipline individuals, or more correctly, they discipline the patterns of playing these social roles, which are functionally significant for initiating and sustaining the mobilization process. In other words, when there is a need in a society to achieve specific goals, including economic ones, it should develop social norms which will be able to bolster the engagement of its members and focus their energy on specific aspects of their life. Moreover, there is a need to prepare non‑normative mechanisms, which increase the probability that members of the society will adhere to these social norms. The reflections in this regard seem to be important mainly for developing states. On the one hand, they should prepare mechanisms which allow them to develop their economies. On the other hand, the members of these states must face many costs associated with their implementation and this problem should also be a part of the discussion.
EN
There is a sense in which we can speak of two levels of dominant and peripheral sexual spaces within the Nigerian discourse of sexuality. The dominant space deals with the generally acceptable sexual orientation that essentially draws its legitimacy from the biological configuration of sexuality within the African temper of mind. It lays claim, at one level, to the public/cultural sexual space and, at another level, to the private sexual space which also, presumably, directly follows from the cultural sexual course. On the other hand, the peripheral sexual space is seen, to put it in Guarav Desai phrase, as “any nonnormative sexual practices” (2007, p. 736). This marginal sexual orientation has perhaps largely operated within the level of private sexual space, but now it seeks to renegotiate the Nigerian cultural/public sexual space. It is this attempt to renegotiate the dominant cultural/public sexual space that seems to have raised the tension within the discourse of sexuality in Nigeria in recent times leading to the legislation that out-rightly criminalises alternative sexuality in Nigeria. It is this contentious sexual orientation within the African consciousness; its presumed origin, violence and politics of practice that forms the focus of Kunle Afolayan’s film, October 1. This paper looks at October 1 within the contentious discourse of that which is seen as a forbidden sexuality, its attendant violence and destruction in relation to the fluidity and the shifting bases of African cultural orientation in the face of individualism and fundamental human right.
EN
Objectives: The neoclassical economic framework is a dominant approach in both theoretical and applied fields, such as public policy design. Despite the substantial amount of criticism towards the neoclassical assumptions of rational choice and obstacles related to preference aggregation, there is a minor concern regarding the underlying philosophy of the mainstream public policy design, namely static social utility maximisation under exogenously given social preferences.This paper analyses the inherent biases of the public policy based on the neoclassical background, attempting to prove that although such an approach can theoretically lead to the socially optimal outcome, it is hardly in line with the long-run social survival and development objectives. Other than this, the paper attempts to explore how incorporating alternative approaches towards individual and collective rationality into the theory of social choice can allow for designing a more sustainable public policy. Research Design & Methods: The paper presents the review of the relevant literature alongside the theoretical inquiry into the underlying logic and philosophy of the neoclassical approach towards the public policy design as well as the most relevant non-mainstream theories. Findings: It is demonstrated that the assumptions behind the neoclassical framework are inconsistent with the notions of social evolution and social sustainability. Implications / Recommendation: The persistent idea that public policymakers should attempt to maximise social utility implies artificial limitations for public policy as well as ill-designed goals and objectives. There is a strong need to reconsider the appropriateness of using the neoclassical analytical framework in public policy design. Contribution / Value added: The framework discussed in this article serves as the ground for more sustainable public policy design principles.
EN
This study presents an analysis of recent developments in fathers’ roles in Slovakia, a country that has experienced multiple social and economic transformations in post-totalitarian Central Eastern Europe. Data from a qualitative study (14 focus group discussions, 87 participants) show that the social norms associated with the Second Demographic Transition do not constitute a homogenous unit. Young people delay reproduction due to numerous needs. A new norm is emerging-the necessity of establishing a family only once a state of economic independence has been reached. The study discusses the role of the “irreplaceable mother” and the problem of the complementarity of parental roles, shifts in negative stereotypes about men, and emerging forms of affirmative fatherhood.
EN
This study examines how the public acceptance of divorce has changed in European countries in recent decades. Taking advantage of the large-scale, comparative, and long-run measurement of value orientations in the European Values Study 1981-2017 it focuses on value change connected with divorce in a macro perspective. The article explores the acceptance of divorce in three aspects: 1) it measures and compares the trends in the acceptance of divorce in various European societies between 1981(1991) and 2017 and contrasts these trends with the data on divorce rates in these countries; (2) it explores the consistency/correlation between divorce attitudes and the affinitive value orientations associated in the broader set of values connected with the concept of the deinstitutionalisation of marriage; (3) it looks for the correlates of divorce acceptance and the changes in acceptance over time at the individual level (sex, education, cohort, family background, religiosity). Because of the descriptive nature of the research, no hypotheses are tested. The results show that divorce acceptance is rising over time in all EVS countries, and the acceptance is connected to divorce levels in given societies. Attitudes towards divorce form a consistent set of values together with other marriage deinstitutionalisation indicators. The acceptance of divorce correlates on an individual level with age, education, and religion, but surprisingly there is only weak difference between men and women.
EN
The article is a discussion of various, mainly sociological conceptions of human solidarity, with special focus on those that question the traditional dichotomous understanding of the motives underlying pro-social behavior. It also constitutes an attempt to broaden the debate by focusing on the conditions of human benevolence. Most up-to-date (social) research points to the crucial role of social distance: the closer the potential benefactor to the potential beneficiary, the more likely the act of helping; the more unconditional (or altruistic) the help offered, the more generous the offering. Here a question arises as to what determines the social distance between individuals (and groups) and how (group) boundaries are formed or defined. While social distance can be conceived in objective terms, e.g. as physical or geographical distance or as a degree of (e.g. socio-economic) dissimilarity that exists between the benefactor and the beneficiary, it is the subjective social distance that seems to have most bearing on the human motivation to help. Of paramount importance here, is the perception of the beneficiary, and in particular, the construction of their otherness, which might be (partly) determined by (a) dominant social norm(s).
EN
Interpersonal contacts play important roles in women’s health decisions. By using personal network analysis with a focus on specific role relationships, we can better examine interpersonal influences on health decision-making. Data were collected through face-to-face surveys of Hispanic women (N = 1632). Using an ego network name generator and name interpreters, participants detailed their personal networks for discussion about women’s health issues. Participants reported a mean of 1.99 (SD = 1.33) social network contacts with whom they discuss women’s health issues, of whom the most commonly reported contacts were female friends, sisters, mothers, and husbands, boyfriends, or partners. Many of the contacts nominated were family members, yielding a high personal network density (M = 0.84, SD = 0.32). Controlling for participant demographics and other forms of social influence, role relations’ encouragement to get a Pap test and personal network exposure to Pap test discussions were associated with Pap test status. Personal network analysis should leverage information on specific role relations. Given the importance of personal network contacts for women’s health status, health educators and medical professionals must account for women’s personal social networks in developing health interventions.
EN
The study deals with public order protection in the Czechoslovak countryside in the decade before the fall of the communist government in 1989. It focuses on the contact between the local community’s shared social values and the principles governed by the socialist state at the local level. It discusses the care for good reputation and the reflection of social hierarchy and stereotypical views based on it in notes from meetings of public order commissions of local and national committees. It puts the care for a decent municipality at the end of the 1980s into the broader contexts of social changes as a reaction to industrialization and modernization. The author concludes that principles of social control in late socialism did not contradict the social values of rural communities. The analysis of archive sources also shows the influence of the inefficiency of the state socialist administration in being able to care for public order.
EN
The aim of this research was to investigate the opinions of parents at different stages of parenthood, about the myths of authoritarian parenting and gender stereotypes in parenting in the context of their own upbringing and social expectations. Considering the influence of one’s own parents, the way of growing up and the influence of wider society and social norms, the initial assumption of the research was that the way of growing up, as a family factor and social norms, as a social factor, define parents’ opinions on myths about authoritarian parenting and gender stereotypes in parenting. Twelve respondents participated in the research; a qualitative method of semi-structured interview was used. The results of the research showed that family factors,  such as the way of growing up and the parenting style, but also social factors such as the social environment and media, influence parents’ opinions of myths about authoritarian parenting and gender stereotypes in parenting. Also, it was found that parents differ in their opinions on the myths about authoritarian parenting and gender stereotypes in parenting, depending on the stage of parenthood they are currently in.
EN
Jewish education is based on normative axiology tarjag micwot which include ethical values and fundamental social norms, including legal values. Historically and contemporary teaching in Judaism is grounded on the values included in 613 commandments of the Jewish moral and legal axiology. The values comprised in commandments of the Judaism were borrowed from the Christian axiology, however some of them were adopted in Islam. Contemporary many values stemming from Jewish commandments appear in non-religion axiology. In order to develop knowledge, skill and competences nthese values are still relevant.
EN
The article discusses the perception of physical otherness. The author compares theoretical knowledge regarding the mechanisms according to which stereotypes function with the empirical approach to the concept of femininity. The content of the article is intended to provoke reflection on the condition of value system in the society and to show the complexity behind the gender-related aspects of self-identity. The core of this analysis is to answer the question: ‘What lays the basis for the sense of femininity?’; especially for disabled people, a group which seems to somehow diverge from commonly accepted norms. Research findings quoted In the article allow to approach the problem from a different perspective in order to rediscover the power of femininity which comes primarly from non-physical traits. The author’s intention is to show what criteria of judgement are used in the contemporary society, as well as to emphasize the importance of the often ignored phenomenon discussed in the article.
Human Affairs
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2013
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vol. 23
|
issue 2
196-211
EN
This essay draws on comparative ethnographic material from Albania and Italy. It addresses different forms of corruption, arguing that in order to understand the way in which phenomena such as corruption occur and are experienced in any given society, we should contextualize them in the historical and cultural traditions of that specific society. In doing so, however, we should be alert in avoiding falling into the trap of either moral relativism or cultural determinism. The essay suggests that an anthropological analysis of corruption should distinguish between legal rules and social norms. In particular, the empirical study of such norms helps to understand the meanings-both individual and inter-subjective-that actors give to the social and political situation in which they operate.
14
Content available remote

Inhuman Humanity: On the Theater of Angela Di Maso

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EN
This article discusses Angela Di Maso’s theater, which is a reflection on contemporary society and aims to awaken audiences from social conformity and consumerism. This theater seeks to explore human existence, with its metaphysical anxiety, violence, and the brutality of everyday life present. It challenges social norms and stereotypes, using crude language to tell stories that disturb and provoke self-analysis. Angela Di Maso’s theater has gained recognition and success for its versatility in combining textual and scenic elements, meticulously developed with actors. Di Maso’s work combines tradition and innovation, drawing inspiration from European theater and at the same time representing a form of resistance to traditional and avant-garde theatrical conventions, forging new paths of expression and advocating freedom of expression. The article includes as an appendix an extensive interview with Angela Di Maso, entitled “From Jerzy Grotowski to Angela Di Maso, via Witold Gombrowicz: An Interview with an Enfant Terrible of Italian Theater.”
EN
The main approaches to the definition of the category “social capital” in the historical context are considered. Elements of social capital (social norms, social network, trust) have been defined as well as its main functions have been identified, which were formed during the evolution of this concept. The influence of the hybrid war on the formation of social capital in the context of public trust in business structures in Ukraine is determined. The role of social networks as a source of creation, accumulation and restoration of social capital has been investigated. The importance of the existence of network links that affect the socialization of society and the expansion of its communicative borders in the conditions of the development of modern socio-economic relations has been noted.
16
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EN
The article presents the attitude towards cats – and more broadly to all animals – in the society of the Second Polish Republic, and seeks to answer the question of whether any considerable evolution in this aspect could be noticed within the twenty years of the state’s existence. It discusses the living conditions of domestic cats, the issue of cruel treatment of these animals, their use as a resource (e.g. in the fur industry). The analysis answers the question of why so many people feared cats and considered them to be dangerous.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia stosunek społeczeństwa II Rzeczypospolitej do kotów, a szerzej – do zwierząt, przede wszystkim zaś próbuje odpowiedzieć na pytanie, czy podczas międzywojennego dwudziestolecia nastąpiła w tej kwestii zauważalna zmiana. Ukazuje warunki, w jakich żyły domowe koty, okrucieństwo, jakiego dopuszczano się wobec tych zwierząt, sposoby ich wykorzystywania (np. w przemyśle futrzarskim). Pozwala też odpowiedzieć na pytanie, dlaczego wiele osób obawiało się kotów i uznawało je za zwierzęta groźne.
PL
Artykuł podejmuje problematykę wpływu norm społecznych na deklarowane preferencje dotyczące selektywnej zbiórki w gospodarstwach domowych. Przeprowadzony eksperyment bada oddziaływanie informacji o odsetku mieszkańców segregujących odpady (reprezentujących lokalne i krajowe normy społeczne) na deklarowane wybory respondentów odnośnie do własnego sortowania. Badanie przeprowadzono w trzech polskich miastach: Warszawie, Krakowie i Białymstoku, wykorzystując warunki eksperymentalne różnicujące lokalne i narodowe normy społeczne. Działanie informacji zostało zbadane za pomocą analizy wyborów dyskretnych. Wyniki pracy mogą zostać wykorzystane w polityce opartej na behawioralnym schemacie „zielonych impulsów”. Dostarczają także cennego wkładu w poznanie znaczenia norm społecznych odnoszących się do różnych poziomów odniesienia – lokalnych i krajowych.
EN
The aim of this paper is to analyze the impact of information on social norms on Poles’ declared preferences regarding sorting waste. The conducted experiment examines effects of information on local and national social norms, represented by the proportion of residents sorting waste at households, on respondents’ declared choices on sorting at household level. The experiment was conducted in three Polish cities: Cracow, Warsaw and Bialystok; experimental conditions were created by presenting differing local and national social norms. To answer research questions, a discrete choice experiment (DCE) was employed. The results may be applied to create policy based on behavioral scheme called green nudges. They also contribute considerably to understanding of the role of social norms while referring to different − geographically closer (city level) and further (national) − groups.
EN
The article deals with the effectiveness of incorporating human rights into legal systems. It responds to Eric A. Posner, who, from short-term observation, questions the effectiveness of the outcomes of human rights treaties. At first, the text focuses on the need to change primarily social norms, as these represent stronger motivation for human behaviour than the law. The text further emphasizes the need for internalization since social norms must comply with personal normative beliefs to maximize their effectiveness. It states that if we want to support the creation of social norms or creation or change by adopting a legal norm, it must be moderate, not in significant conflict with existing social norms. Overall, it is a long-term process. The article argues that the adoption of human rights treaties cannot immediately transform into social norms, let alone make the individual members of society internalize them to be truly effective. It claims that even if human rights treaties’ effectiveness could be empirically examined, it could not be concluded shortly after their adoption. Finally, the text points out the fundamental problems of empirical research in human rights that we should consider if we would like to build further arguments on its results.
CS
Článek pojednává o efektivitě zakotvení lidských práv v právních řádech. Reaguje na Erica A. Posnera, který s odkazem na empirické výzkumy vzešlé z krátkodobého pozorování zpochybňuje účinek lidskoprávních úmluv na reálné dodržování lidských práv. Text soustředí pozornost na to, že je potřeba, aby se změnily primárně sociální normy, které jsou silnější motivací pro lidské jednání než právo. Dále zdůrazňuje nutnost internalizace sociálních norem, jelikož pro maximalizaci jejich dodržování je důležité, aby byly v souladu s osobními hodnotovými přesvědčeními aktérů. Uvádí dále, že pokud chceme přijetím právní normy podpořit vznik či změnu sociálních norem, pak musí být umírněná, nikoliv ve velkém rozporu s existujícími sociálními normami. Celkově se tedy jedná o dlouhodobý proces. Článek argumentuje, že přijetím lidskoprávních úmluv nemůže dojít hned a bez dalšího k jejich přetvoření v sociální normy, natož k jejich zvnitřnění u jednotlivých členů společnosti. Obojí je však k maximalizaci efektivity potřeba. Argumentuje, že i kdyby bylo možné efektivitu lidskoprávních úmluv spolehlivě empiricky zkoumat, nelze o ní učinit závěry po krátké době od jejich přijetí. Uzavírá pak, že empirické zkoumání lidských práv se již ve svých základech potýká s problémy, které bychom měli brát v potaz, kdybychom na jeho výsledcích chtěli stavět další úvahy.
PL
Around 1820–1821, a young and not quite experienced Balzac writes a short story in prose, a draft which will remain unfinished and which we know as Corsino. It is one of Balzac’s experimental texts in prose (Sténie ou les Erreurs philosophiques; Une heure de ma vie; Agathise; Falthurne) revealing his artistic quest and announcing some important traits to be found in his later official works. Corsino is influenced by Balzac’s philosophical lectures and reflections present in his notes known as Discours sur l’immortalité de l’âme from 1818, where the topics such as religion, God, morality, science, epistemology, materialism, or scepticism are discussed.
PL
Autor stawia tezę dotyczącą kulturowych źródeł strukturalnych cech obecnej postaci systemu reprezentacji interesów grupowych w Polsce. Wskazuje na znaczenie czynników długiego trwania. Szczególną rolę przypisuje myśli i ideologii romantycznej, która okazała się trwałym wpływem w Polsce. Wytworzyła trajektorię, na której kształtowały się pojęcia i instytucje, w tym pewne odruchowe reakcje w sferze relacji między grupami interesów. Zaowocowały one specyficznym podejściem do przetargów interesów. Kluczowe było to, że ta ideologia daleka była od rozumienia społeczeństwa jako kontraktu między grupami reprezentującymi odrębne interesy. Oznaczało to, że trudna do uformowania była płaszczyzna myślowa, która sprzyjałaby rozumieniu zróżnicowania ludzkich interesów i tym samym ich godzenia interesów w oparciu o uzgodnione zasady. Ponadto autor wskazuje na znaczenie czynników socjologicznych, czyli na cechy struktury społecznej i relacji społecznych w Polsce kształtujących się przez długie odcinki czasu. Wskazuje na znaczenie zjawisk, które uznawane są za pochodną tak zwanej próżni socjologicznej. Porusza zagadnienie tradycyjnie wysokiego poziomu konfliktowości w polskim społeczeństwie, przewagi konfliktów ideologicznych nad sporami o interesy materialne. Autor charakteryzuje również generalne cechy systemu artykulacji interesów. Wskazuje na takie jego cechy, jak silna polaryzacja, konfrontacyjność, pojmowanie interesów w sposób egzystencjalny. Za bezpośrednie źródło tego stanu rzeczy uznaje słabe zapośredniczenie systemu w szeroko akceptowanych regułach i normach.
EN
The author offers the thesis relating to the cultural roots of structural characteristics of the current form of the interest representation in Poland. He claims the importance of the long-term factors in the history and underlines the role played by the ideology of romanticism which had an significant influence over Poland. It created the trajectory shaping notions and institutions including some of gut reactions in the area of relations among interest groups. The key fact was that this ideology was far away from understanding a society as social contract among different interest groups. As a result the rules of collective thinking were very difficult to establish in such a way which would be conducive to rules-based collective bargaining. Moreover, the author points out at the importance of sociological factors including the characteristics of social structure and social relations shaped during the long periods of time. He underlines the importance of the social phenomenons which are the outcome of social vacuum like a long tradition of confrontation-based social relations in the Polish society, predominance of ideological conflicts over material ones. The author characterizes also a general components of interest articulation with the essential features like strong interest polarization, confrontational tendencies, existential types of interests. All of that result from weakly rooted social norm and rules.
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