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XX
Higher education allows people with disabilities to build self-realization and self-esteem. It prevents social exclusion, redeems deficiencies and increases the chances to find a job. For over 10 years the number of students with disabilities has been increasing in Poland. Students with visual impairment (blind and partially sighted) are included in this group. One of the barriers they face in the academic environment is difficulty of reaching the accessible form of educational materials. Rapidly developing assistive technologies allow them to overcome this barrier. Collections of digital documents addressed to students with visual impairment are helpful in this context. The aim of the article is to give a description of Polish digital libraries addressed to visually impaired students and their role in higher education. To collect necessary data websites of all (96) Polish public higher schools subordinated to the Ministry of Science and Higher Education were analysed. Important information the author acquired also came from individuals involved in building digital resources targeted at students with visual impairment. The methods of literature analysis and criticism were also used. Study has shown that only a few public higher schools participate in projects on establishing digital collections accessible for students with disabilities. These collections are getting richer every year.
EN
Quality of life (QOL) is associated with factors such as health, physical functioning, life satisfaction, a sense of happiness, and others. In case of disabled people, much attention is paid to their QOL rather than only the improvement of physiological variables. In a group of blind and visually impaired people, the effect of physical activity (PA) on the socialization process, the ability to explore own personality traits, developing creativity, and more motivation and desire to overcome the difficulties associated with visual impairment were observed. The study involved 53 people: visually impaired (NT) sedentary lifestyle people (n=18; 51±12 years) and visually impaired tandem cycling athletes (N) (n=17; 42±13 years). Properly sighted people (P) (n=18; 38±12 years) were partners in tandem with visually impaired athletes. To determine the level of PA, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was used. The WHO-Quality of Life (WHO-QOL-BREF), the National Eye Institute 25-item Visual Functioning Questionnaire (NEI VFQ-25, version 2000), and the Retina AMD Poland Association questionnaire were used to assess QOL. In visually impaired athletes, significantly greater PA with moderate intensity, moving by bike, and energy expenditure for vigorous recreational exercise and sport in leisuretime was found. Sedentary lifestyle people mainly participated in moderate physical activity around the house. Significant greater satisfaction with health was observed in the case of visually impaired athletes in comparison with NT. All disabled groups rarely had negative feelings such as despair, depression, and anxiety. Moderate correlations between variables according to physical activity and quality of life in all participants were observed. The meaningfulness of life and life satisfaction also depended on cycling training and moderate physical activity around the house. The obtained data indicate that all available forms of regular PA in visually impaired people could have a beneficial effect on their quality of life.
EN
Work plays a significant role in every person’s life. In the literature of the subject it is highlighted that persons with visual impairment ascribe a greater role to it than persons without disabilities, which is undoubtedly related to a therapeutic function of work. Even though visually impaired persons or partly sighted ones are capable of performing many jobs and holding various positions, their professional activity may take different forms. Therefore, it is worth taking a closer look at the factors determining effective functioning of people with visual impairment in the researched area. Based on the bibliographic review, the article focuses on the analysis of factors such as socio-demographic and medical ones, personal resources and skills possessed, to name but a few. In addition, the emphasis is placed on the opportunities for the support of professional activities undertaken by visually impaired and partially sighted people.
EN
Since the political and economic changes that occurred in 1989-1990, Hungary has been in a state of transition from a socialist regime to a democratic culture. In an effort to comply with the rules of democracy, equal opportunities for people with disabilities are demanded on various platforms. However, inclusion in sports is still uncommon, and physical education (P.E.) teachers, trainers, sports scientists, etc. are not provided with in-depth education on adapted sports. The present study examines the involvement of Hungarian adults with VI (visual impairments) in leisure sports and investigates facilitators and barriers which members of the target group face. First, the educational opportunities (segregation or inclusion) provided for Hungarian children with VI are introduced. The historical and legislative backgrounds are presented in order to give a clear review of the social context. Findings of a survey on the activity levels of Hungarian adults with vision loss are introduced, which reflect the target group’s willingness to get involved in leisure activities and also pinpoint factors which hinder their participation (e.g., professionals’ unfamiliarity with the special needs of those with VI and adapted sports opportunities).
PL
The child automatically becomes a member of the peer group when he/she starts school education. The peer group is of great importance for the student’s social development. The student can either gain a position in the group, which will give him a sense of security, or he/she can be rejected by his peers. The article concerns peer relations of children with visual impairments. It presents the conditions of peer relations of children with vision disorders and shows the results of research on the sociometric position of this group of students in the classroom in public and integration schools.
EN
The article discusses the potential of Deleuze-Guattarian philosophy for studying disability. It draws on empirical research comprising interviews with and ethnographic observations regarding the visually impaired people, in which the concept of assemblage is used as a sociological tool to analyse the continuity and discontinuity of disability. An assemblage is made up of heterogenic, rhizomatic, and often unpredictable connections, both organic and inorganic and linguistic and material, that continuously transform each other. An assemblage is never finished but is always complete, which gives rise to the question of the relationship between a whole and its parts, thus challenging the perception of disability as a lack and making it possible to think of disability in an affirmative sense. Disability can thus be analysed as a dynamic phenomenon that acquires its concrete contours in specific situations and to consider its discursive and material character. Thus, the concept of assemblage captures both the stability and the fluidity of disability and focuses on connections that maintain and decompose it. On the one hand, disability represents hegemonic discourses about health and the body, while on the other hand, it is a breeding ground for subversive processes.
EN
“Blind football” was initiated in the last century. What has significantly contributed to its development are newly established organizations, the primary goal of which was to manage various forms of activating people with visual impairment. Popularisation of “blind football” is a long-term, complicated process, in which a plethora of factors are involved. The aim of this article is to reflect on “blind football”, especially on the problems with spreading it. Most of all, the article is an attempt to define the mechanism of the functioning of “blind football” in the sphere of meanings of contemporary culture.
PL
Performing social roles, including family-related ones, by people with visual impairment is associated with experiencing various types of difficulties It is basically a consequence of the socially established negative image of these people who areperceived as not fully competent and requiring assistance. Previous few studies devoted to the motherhood of blind and partially sighted women indicate relatively frequent reactions of their social environment expressing the belief that a visually impaired woman is not able to perform her role as a wife and mother in a proper way. The psychosocial situation of fathers with visual impairment is rarely analysed in research activities, and knowledge of the relationship between gradual loss of vision and experience of fatherhood is relatively poor. The aim of the article is to present the results of a qualitative study focused on learning the subjective experience of performing the role of a parent by a man with progressive vision loss. In the biographical study of an individual case, the narrative interview technique was used, and the analysis of the collected material was referred to such spheres of experiencing fatherhood as: the concept of role, sources of satisfaction and positive experience related to the role, perceived relationships between the way of performing the role and progressive impairment.
EN
The first part of the article consists of a review of theoretical literature concerning such issues as: a basic rationale of the emancipation paradigm in general and special education; interdependencies among the ideas of autonomy, empowerment and emancipation in selected pedagogical approaches; and a specific character of oppression resulting from gradual loss of sight. The second part of the text is a case study presenting selected emancipation threads in the life of a newly blinded person. The presented case is an example of shaping one‟s own life and consciously working on self-empowerment.
EN
The social situation of students with disabilities, due to existing stereotypes, social distance, not coping with the diversity and many other factors will be complex. The purpose of this article was to analyze the situation of pupils with sight disabilities in non-segregated forms of education: mainstream and integrated schools. Participation in social relations of blind and visually impaired students is described from two perspectives: the objective expressed in the sociometric position in the classroom as well as subjective measured by social integration – satisfaction with peer contacts. Existing relationships between these two variables and factors moderating it became the basis for interpreting the results of research conducted on a group of 60 students with visual impairment. A significant correlation between positive sociometric status and social integration, while generally neutral sociometric positions and relatively high satisfaction with peer contacts might suggest, that students with visual impairment in nonsegregated education forms are tolerated and subjectively do not feel the negative attitudes of their peers. Unfortunately, rarely they belong to the category of accepted students.
PL
Kornelia Czerwińska, Izabella Kucharczyk, Senior citizens losing vision as a challenge to contemporary special education. Interdisciplinary Contexts of Special Pedagogy, no. 25, Poznań 2019. Pp. 333-351. Adam Mickiewicz University Press. ISSN 2300-391X. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/ikps.2019.25.14 Acquiring blindness or low vision at the senior age usually results in decreased quality of life due to a decrease in functional performance in the areas of activities of everyday activities, spatial orientation and mobility, physical activity, spending free time and obtaining information. Loss of vision also implies serious emotional consequences, which in the absence of professional therapeutic help and social support can lead to mental health disorders. Research analyses indicate that the level of satisfying rehabilitation needs of seniors who are losing vision is relatively low, and the specificity of their functioning resulting from the coexistence of various health problems is rarely included in support programs. The aim of the article is to indicate areas that have been so far neglected in the rehabilitation of elderly people who have acquired visual impairment and to formulate proposals aimed at increasing the availability and quality of therapeutic services for this social group.
EN
This paper concerns the role of hierarchical semantic relations: class inclusion and partwhole relations as factors organising the mental lexicon, and the dependence of their importance on visual perception and visual memories, as demonstrated by the results of a free association task. 58 blind and 58 sighted language users were instructed to give associations for a list of 75 Polish nouns. Semantic analysis showed that more than 40% of the whole corpus of answers was related to stimuli through the part-whole or class inclusion relations. The results of the analysis indicated many similarities, concerning both types of relations, in the feedback obtained from the blind and sighted respondents. However, the blind participants showed a significantly stronger tendency to respond with inclusive terms (hyperonyms of the stimuli) than the sighted respondents. Th e results were interpreted in terms of the specificity of the compensation processes.
EN
In the first part, the article aims at encouraging general reflection on what the world would look like if people could not see. It further points out that people with different types of visual impairments need to participate in cultural life. It shows changes in museums which are opening to the blind and the dim-sighted, who are (sometimes) new target participants in various kinds of cultural events. The further part of the article is the description of the programme entitled “To see the invisible”, undertaken in the Museum of the First Piasts at Lednica..
EN
The article is devoted to the problem of physical education of children with visual impairments. Studying the specificity of physical development and physical preparedness of children with low vision, specialists note that children in this nosology are characterized by a significant deviation of physical development and physical fitness. It is noted that people with visual impairments due to the significant difficulties with orientation in space, moreover their physical activity is minimizing that causes deviations in physical and mental development. The analysis of a large amount of information has shown that currently there has not been done any attempt to systematize the accumulated experience. So, it has been observed that this category of children has got the characteristic features of development, which involve the unique approaches to their physical qualities development. During the presentation, the current teaching experience of physical education of school-age children with visual impairments, training and educational characteristics of these children and the role of attracting the surviving analyzers in the educational-correctional process are highlighted. The problem of motor skills formation of school-age children with visual impairments at the adaptive physical education classes is one of the most important tasks of the correctional and educational process is identified in the text of the article. Speed, strength, agility, flexibility, endurance are inseparably associated with the movement, so it is advisable to include special exercises items to the physical education lessons. The surrounding objects’ direct perception, allows the child visual impairments to understand faster and remember the studied space. The authors consider the basic methods of physical education of children with visual impairments, which have included a comprehensive application of physical education specific and nonspecific means of correctional health orientation. These methods include posture correction, modular technology of correction of body spatial organization violations, improving children’s with low vision basic coordination abilities. The necessity of development of physical qualities of children of this category is proved, because the childhood is the most critical step in order to lay the health foundations. The use of correction posture exercises, prevention of flatfoot are the pedagogical influence priority means on this category of children’s physical condition
PL
Tekst składa się z dwóch podstawowych części. W pierwszej zawarto teoretyczną analizę wpływu wrodzonej niepełnosprawności progresywnej na bieg życia, ze szczególnym zwróceniem uwagi na takie obszary, jak edukacja i funkcjonowanie społeczne. W drugiej zaś opisano indywidualny przypadek przebiegu edukacji osoby z postępującą słabowzrocznością na tle przemian polityczno-społecznych, jakie miały miejsce w Polsce w ostatnich czterech dekadach.
EN
The text consists of two parts: the first part contains a theoretical analysis of the impact that congenital progressive condition has on the life of an individual, with particular emphasis on such areas as education and social functioning; in the second part a case study is presented illustrating the education process of an individual with progressing low vision, seen against the background of political and social changes which occurred in Poland over the last forty years.
PL
Działania w przypadku dysfunkcji wzroku są skoncentrowane na wczesnej interwencji oraz diagnozie połą-czonej z programem rozwijania umiejętności widzenia, szczególnie w szkole ogólnodostępnej, gdzie przywiązuje się wagę do sukcesów edukacyjnych i rozwoju indywidualnych cech osobowości, dostosowując program wsparcia, rehabilitacji i edukacji do osoby ze specjalnymi potrzebami edukacyjnymi. Wyzwania współpracy z uczniem słabowidzącym wiążą się z wy-równywaniem szans edukacyjnych, łączeniem treści teoretycznych z działaniem praktycznym, poszukiwaniem programów, wykorzystaniem technologii i komunikacji (TiK) oraz pracą z zasobami dziecka. Zaburzenia widzenia wpływają na trudności szkolne w potencjale poznawczym, społecznym, emocjonalnym, wolicjonalnym, fizycznym. Nieskorygowana wada refrakcji (szczególnie nadwzroczność) i osłabione widzenie obuoczne przyczyniają się do stworzenia indywidulanego modelu pracy z dzieckiem z dysfunkcją wzroku. Przedstawione studium przypadku ukazuje działania wspierające, terapeutyczne, z naciskiem na wykorzystanie terapii skoncentrowanej na rozwiązaniach.
EN
In the case of visual impairment, compensatory activities are focused on early intervention and diagnosis combined with a programme for the development of visual skills, especially in public schools, where importance is attached to educational success and the development of individual personality traits, as well as adapting the support, rehabilitation and education programme to the person with special educational needs. The challenges of cooperation with a visually impaired student are related to the equaling of educational opportunities, combining theoretical content with practical action, searching for programmes, the use of technology and communication (TiK), and working with the child’s resources. Vision impairments affect school difficulties in the cognitive, social, emotional, volitional and physical field. The unadjusted refractive defect (especially hyperopia) and weakened binocular vision contribute to creating an individual model of working with the child with visual impairment. The presented case study shows supporting and therapeutic actions, with emphasis on the use of solution-oriented therapy.
EN
Magdalena Szubielska, Katarzyna Pasternak, Marzena Wójtowicz, Anna Szymańska, Ocena sztuki osób z niepełnosprawnością wzroku przez dzieci i dorosłych [Evaluation of art of people with visual impairment by children and adults]. Interdyscyplinarne Konteksty Pedagogiki Specjalnej, nr 22, Poznań 2018. Pp. 167-183. Adam Mickiewicz University Press. ISSN 2300-391X. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/ikps.2018.22.10 The aim of the study was to determine whether the age of the audience of the exhibition influences the assessment of aesthetic preferences of artistic products made up by people with visual impairment. The research was conducted to give an answer if there are differences in the preferences of different categories of artworks created by artists who are blind or low vision. The research consisted in the evaluation of raised-line drawings, photographs, sculptures and the tactile picturebook. These artistic products were presented in the art gallery. The assessments were made on a 5-point scale, where the respondents indicated how much they liked the artworks they were watching. In the study participated 118 people, including 80 children and 38 adults. It turned out that age and type of art had an interactive impact on the aesthetic assessment. Age differences in aesthetic preference werefound in reference to drawings and picture books. The visual art created by people with sight impairment was evaluated very positively.
EN
The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities adopted by the United Nations on December 13, 2006, signed by the Government of Poland on March 20, 2007, and therefore ratified on September 6, 2012, is committed to respecting all provisions contained in this document, including those concerning access to universal education, labor market and employment. However, from a practical point of view, there are many barriers and problems experienced by different environments of people with disabilities in the enforcement of their rights. Hence, the article mentions the opinions of representatives of the deaf and blind people on current restrictions and discrimination, as well as proposals addressed to the education and work and employment spheres participating in the debates organized under the project „Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities – a common cause”, the main contractor of which is the Polish Forum of People with Disabilities.
PL
The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, adopted by the United Nations on December 13, 2006, signed by the Government of Poland on March 20, 2007, and ratified on September 6, 2012, obliges to respect all the provisions contained in this document, including those concerning access to universal education, the labour market and employment. However, from a practical point of view, there are many barriers and problems experienced by different environments of people with disabilities in the enforcement of their rights. Hence, the article includes the opinions of representatives of the deaf and blind people on current restrictions and discrimination, as well as proposals addressed to the education and work and employment spheres of those participating in the debates organized under the project „Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities – a common cause”, the main contractor of which is the Polish Forum of People with Disabilities.
EN
This article discusses possibilities arising in the reception of visual arts by the visually impaired from the perspective of a cognitive psychologist and an educator working in a gallery of contemporary art. It turns out that sight is not critical for learning about art. When including people with visual impairments in this area of human life, it is best to start with contemporary art – partly because works of contemporary artists frequently engage multiple senses. The authors also address the issue of art adaptation and present challenges and solutions in the process of adapting works of art to the needs of people with visual impairments. The latter are a highly diversified group with different histories and degrees of vision loss, as well as personalities and intelligence. As a result, educators must consider the cognitive abilities and limitations of the visually impaired art users to ensure effective communication and access to works of art. The development of inclusive communication requires systematic work with such people and with specialists in various fields, particularly psychologists and typhlo-pedagogues. Their cooperation may contribute to a greater understanding of the world of art by people with visual impairments, while improving their social competences and visual literacy.
EN
The successively introduced legal regulations as well as social changes make it possible for people with visual impairments to live a more independent life, which also includes participation in culture. As a result, a reflection arises: What can be done to ensure better access to museums and their resources to people with visual impairments? POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews has developed a programme and implemented a series of activities that allow diverse groups of visitors to get to know its exhibitions and participate in events. Among solutions dedicated to the visually impaired one will find typhlographs and audio descriptions for the exhibits as well as educational walks and workshops with employees trained to work with visitors with disabilities and adapt the museum space to let them move around it independently. This article focuses on activities that engage people with visual impairments – a population that faces the greatest barriers in terms of access to visual arts, who, however, is being increasingly included in visual arts events. Such activities give the visually impaired the opportunity to participate in situations previously inaccessible to them, breaking down barriers between different social groups.
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