Search results

1

Finds of Purse Fastenings from the Iron Age ‘Central Place’ at Gąski-Wierzbiczany in Kuyavia (Central Poland)

100%

Kontny B., Rudnicki M.

Acta Archaeologica Carpathica

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2016

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vol. LI

307-318

EN

Recent discoveries from the Kuyavia region provided a number of finds that change our perception of the continuity of inhabitation in the Kuyavia area after the disappearance of the Przeworsk culture settlement structures related to the Pre-Roman and Roman Periods. The settlement in Kuyavia existed also during the Migration Period at least until the 7th c. The settlement complex in Gąski-Wierzbiczany, from which the belt purse fastenings presented in the following paper came, seems to be of particular importance. The fastenings are dated to the 2 nd half of the 4 th and the beginnings of the 5 th c., i.e., the decline of the Late Roman Period and the onset of the Migration Period. Until recently, they were known from the areas neighbouring the Roman Empire boundary — limes — and from Roman military camps in Rhaetia. Currently, their list significantly extended, and the range of their occurrence expanded and includes the east Germany and Bohemia. At the same time the finds form Kuyavia (most likely made on-the-spot) are among specimens located furthest to the east. It seems that these unique finds of purse fastenings from the south-eastern and eastern peripheries of Europe might be explained through the existence of a cultural centre in Kuyavia that facilitated the propagation of western cultural patterns, in this case related to outfit of warriors

2

Two water wells of the LBK culture from the north part of the site of Kruszyn 3/10, Włocławek commune

100%

Rzepecki S.

Analecta Archaeologica Ressoviensia

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2014

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vol. 9

95-122

EN

The aim of the present paper is to present two water wells from a settlement of the LBK culture at the site of Kruszyn 3/10, Włocławek commune. The features under consideration are dated to phase IIB of this culture in Kuyavia. They represent the simplest, timberless types of devices which were used to supply water. The author also pays attention to non-utalitarian aspects connected with cult and ritual meaning of water wells in the LBK societies.

3

Osadnictwo kultury pucharów lejkowatych na stanowisku 1 w Michalinie, gm. Waganiec, woj. kujawsko-pomorskie

100%

Golańska M.

Raport

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2015

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vol. 10

63-83

EN

Rescue excavations at the site of Michalin 1, Waganiec commune, Kujawsko-Pomorskie Voivodeship were carried out by the Foundation of the University of Łódz. At the site remains of the Funnel Beaker culture were discovered. The aim of the paper is to present and summarize the results of the research conducted at the site of Michalin 1. 83 features and relatively numerous artefacts were recorded, including 621 vessel fragments and 66 flint artefacts. Pottery decorations corresponded to the Wiórek stylistics. As a result of the excavations the remains of a small TRB settlement were discovered.

4

Nie wszystko „tarło” co ma zęby – w poszukiwaniu funkcji

100%

Waszczuk K., Żychliński D., Pachulski P., Prawniczak R.

Slavia Antiqua: rocznik poświęcony starożytnościom słowiańskim

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2016

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issue 57

221-237

PL

This article presents the research related to identifying the actual function of an object made of deer bones excavated in Kujawy, in the village of Brzezie (site 4). It was discovered in the remains of a partly dug building, most probably residential, dated back to the 12th – 13th centuries. Originally, the historic object in question was identified as an ancient percussion instrument. However, in the course of microscopic tests and experiments this interpretation was rejected. It was stated that the artefact could not have served to clean animals’ skins, either. Finally, in the course of research procedures, it was agreed that it was a tool for decorating clay vessels.

5

Nadgoplański gród szarlej I jego właściciele w średniowieczu

89%

Karczewska J., Karczewski D.

Slavia Antiqua: rocznik poświęcony starożytnościom słowiańskim

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2021

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issue 62

399-412

EN

The gord of Szarlej is located on a small peninsula on the south-western coast of Lake Szarlej at the mouth of the river Noteć. Gopło - a ribbon lake – reached that far in the late Middle Ages. The gord of Szarlej was established in the last decade of the first half of the 14th century on the initiative of Kazimierz Ziemomysłowic, a Kuyavian prince and the lord of Gniewkowo, or alternatively by his son and successor, Władysław the White. The gord in Szarlej was built following destruction of the previous ducal residence in Gniewkowo during an invasion of the Teutonic Knights in 1332. The stronghold was a favourite residence of Władysław the White, prince of Gniewkowo until 1363 when he placed a lien against it to Kazimierz the Great, king of Poland. Most probably, after 1382 another ruler of Kuyavia, prince Vladislav II of Opole, handed over the stronghold in Szarlej to the affluent Kuyavian Ostoja family. The first nobility owner of the Szarlej estate (encompassing the stronghold, the villages, Łojewo, Witowy and Karczyn), confirmed in the sources, was Mikołaj of Ściborze (†1457). He was a member of the political elite of late-medieval Kuyavia.

6

A flint dagger from Brzoza, Nowa Wieś Wielka com., Bydgoszcz dist., Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship

88%

Sudoł-Procyk M., Adamczak K., Osipowicz G.

Sprawozdania Archeologiczne

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2017

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vol. 69

373-390

EN

At the beginning of the 1980s, a single fi nd of a fl int dagger was made in Brzoza (northern Kuyavia, Poland). The dagger was investigated in terms of raw material profi le, typological, technological and use-wear analyses. It was established that it was made of Scandinavian Cretaceous fl int and may be classifi ed into the subtype VIA (acc. Lomborg) or subvariant BBII2a (acc. Libera). The chronology of the dagger tends to be placed towards the end of the Early Bronze Age or the beginning of the Older Bronze Age in Poland (ca 1700-1500 cal BC). By means of use-wear analysis, diversifi ed and well-developed usage traces were recognized on the surface of the dagger. Some of them resulted in an obverse and inverse retouch indicative of secondary treatment. Here it appears that the dagger from Brzoza may be considered as an import from the western-Baltic production centre. Before deposition, the dagger had also been frequently used as a strike-a-light.

7

The early medieval village of Morawy: a grave field from the 11th century

88%

Danielewski M.

Slavia Antiqua: rocznik poświęcony starożytnościom słowiańskim

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2017

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issue 58

115-136

PL

This article deals with the issues of an 11th century grave field in Morawy village in Kuyavia. In the first Piast times, the area was an integral part of the dynasty’s dominion. Discovered in the 1930s, the grave field is of great importance from the point of view of considerations of ethnically foreign settlements in Poland.

8

The chronology of T-shaped axes in the Polish Lowland

88%

Kabaciński J., Sobkowiak-Tabaka I., Dawid É., Osypińska M., Terberger T., Winiarska-Kabacińska M.

Sprawozdania Archeologiczne

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2014

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vol. 66

29-56

EN

Prompted by the discovery of a small workshop producing axes of red deer antler (the so-called T-shaped axes) at Bodzia, site 1 (Kuyavia), this paper addresses the issue of the origin and chronology of the said axes. In the first place, we shall present the inventory the workshop yielded and then analyse the distribution of T-shaped axes in Europe, especially in the European Lowland, in the context of antler production of the Late Mesolithic communities of the circa Baltic zone and the southern coasts of the North Sea and also within the Early Neolithic groups in Northern Europe. We shall also recount the discussion that has recently developed around this question

9

Palimpsest, time perspectivism and megaliths

88%

Rzepecki S.

Sprawozdania Archeologiczne

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2014

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vol. 66

9-27

EN

The aim of this paper is to re-evaluate two megaliths — tomb 8 at Sarnowo and tomb 1 at Świerczynek. A starting point for analysis is the presentation of the conceptions of a palimpsest and perspectivism, which, in this case, are effective analytical tools. The general conclusion, resulting from the present work, is the long duration and variety of forms of the use of the megaliths.

10

Dystrybucja i rola sztyletów krzemiennych wśród społeczności grupy kościańskiej kultury unietyckiej – analiza typologiczno-chronologiczna materiałów z Niziny Wielkopolsko-Kujawskiej oraz studium przypadku znaleziska z Bronikowa (gm. Śmigiel)

87%

Teska S., Pyżewicz K., Majorek P.

Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia

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2018

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vol. 23

169-188

EN

The article focuses on the matter of significance of flint daggers on the area settled by Early Bronze Age societies connected with Únětice Culture Kościan Group. Analytical part is separated into two sections. The first is a case study of a stray find from Bronikowo (com. Śmigiel) and the second involve typological analysis of flint daggers from western part of Polish Lowlands. Results gathered give an overview of an issue propounded in a title.

11

Refleksje nad perspektywami zachowania stanowisk neolitycznych w dorzeczu Tążyny

75%

Rzepecki S.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica

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2015

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issue 30

7-19

EN

The Tążyna river is one of not large Kuyavian tributaries of the Vistula river. A unique feature of this river catchment area is a very high degree of biodiversity. It comprises, among others, the co-occurrence of zones of various lithology and genesis (morainic plains, valleys with outwash plain formations, outwash plains with holes) and relatively shallow occurrence of salt deposits supplying the groundwater with brine. They are accompanied by the occurrence of halophytes. The discussed region also abounds in numerous archaeological sources dated to the Neolithic. They document complicated processes of the Tążyna basin domestication. They were initiated by the appearance of agricultural societies of the Linear Pottery culture exploiting the environment of soils with the highest agricultural values. These groups also made an attempt of “tactical” use of podzols environments, however, due to its failure within the following centuries, they concentrated on earlier exploited areas. A real breakthrough was brought by the occurrence of the Funnel Beaker culture societies. They were mainly interested in less abundant, hitherto not used in terms of economy, environments. Probably at that time brine springs were also exploited. An excellent example of a settlement from this period is Wilkostowo 23/24 – one of the best recognized complexes of „funnel beakers” in Europe. In the following centuries the Tążyna basin was the scene of activeness of societies realising more mobile („globular amphoras” and „corded ware”) economic strategies. The state of preservation and prospects of the Neolithic sites survival adversely correspond to the outstanding cognitive significance of the region under consideration. During the recent thirty – forty years a sharp increase of threats to part of them – especially to these located on the weakest soils (developed on sandy substratum) took place. Their areas are nowadays afforested, objects connected with vegetables storage are located on them, and they become purposes of minerals (sand, gravel) exploitation. In such a situation it is necessary to implement a local programme of protection of sites dated to the Neolithic. The author postulates that it should include verifying surface surveys, excavations and educational actions.

PL

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12

Field Survey Versus Excavation – Compatibility of Results Illustrated by the Example of Selected Sites from the A1 Motorway in the Włocławek Province, Poland

75%

Pyzel J.

Analecta Archaeologica Ressoviensia

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2017

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vol. 12

285–298

EN

This paper reconsiders the compatibility of results from survey and subsequent excavations as their verification: the issues of detection of sites and the reliability of estimations of their size as well as their dating including the relative visibility of separate chronological units based on surface material are discussed here. This is presented through the example of archaeological investigations conducted due to the construction of the A1 motorway route within the former Włocławek Voivodeship.

13

Cechy konstytutywne tożsamości kujawskiej na podstawie Kujawskich legend, gawęd i gadek Antoniego Benedykta Łukaszewicza

75%

Paluszak-Bronka A.

Język. Religia. Tożsamość

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2018

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issue 2(18)2018

267-281

PL

Celem artykułu było przedstawienie cech konstytuujących tożsamość kujawską na podstawie opracowania Antoniego Benedykta Łukaszewicza Kujawskie legendy, gawędy i gadki. Analiza zabytku pokazała, że należą do nich: odwoływanie się do mitów założycielskich, które są tworzone i upowszechniane po to, by potwierdzić zakorzenienie grupy i jej długiego (od czasów niemal prehistorycznych) trwania na danym obszarze; przywiązanie do religii katolickiej (co nie przeszkadza łączyć praktyki religijne z praktykami magicznymi, obecnymi w religijności ludowej); pamięć przeszłości (a zwłaszcza przeszłości heroicznej, jak bitwa pod Płowcami, ale i wydarzeń traumatycznych, bolesnych, jak II wojna światowa, cierpienia, prześladowania Kujawiaków w różnych okresach dziejów, rozdarcie regionu spowodowane zaborami); związek z miejscami (zabytkami architektury, kościołami, dworami), które są dziedzictwem otrzymanym po wcześniejszych pokoleniach; świadomość bogactwa miejscowego folkloru, obrzędów (nie zawsze już praktykowanych, ale wciąż pozostających w pamięci kulturowej); gwara (choć współcześnie nie ma już często żywotności komunikacyjnej, ale ciągle ma walor symboliczny, podkreślający odrębność Kujaw jako regionu).

EN

The aim of this article was to present the features constituting Kuyavian identity on the basis of the study of Antoni Benedykt Łukaszewicz titled Kuyavian legends, myths and folk tales. The analysis of the oldest written text showed that this comprises: –referring to founding myths which are created and spread in order to confirm the settlement of the group and its long existence (almost since prehistoric times) in the given area; –commitment to the catholic religion (which is not an obstacle to combine religious practices with magical practises present in the folk beliefs); –memory of the past (especially the heroic past, such as the battle of Płowce, also such traumatic and painful events as World War II, the suffering and persecution of the inhabitants of Kuyavia in various periods, the division of the region caused by the annexations); –relation to the places (architectural monuments, churches, manor houses) which are a heritage received from previous generations; –the awareness of the wealth of the local folklore and habits (not always being practised nowadays, but still existing in cultural memory); –dialect (although it is not used in communication, it still has a symbolic value underlining the identity of the region).

14

Początki społeczności żydowskiej w Strzelnie (1772/1773–1815)

63%

Karczewski D.

Studia Żydowskie. Almanach

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2022

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vol. 12

41-51

EN

The Jewish population settled in Kuyavia as early as at the beginning of the 15th century, primarily in royal towns, and, later on, in large numers, also in private towns. As for church towns, Jews were usually not allowed to settle there at all. One of such towns was Strzelno, owned by the local Norbertine order. This situation did not change until 1772, when, as a result of the First Partition of Poland, the town came under Prussian control. Despite the initially unfriendly legislation for Jews, who were barely tolerated during the reign of Frederick II, this group of people quite willingly began to settle in towns that had hitherto been closed to them. The first source of information about Jews living in Strzelno dates back to 1779–1780. This proves that they must have settled in the second half of the 1870s, probably in connection with a fire in the Jewish quarter in Inowrocław in 1775. Initially, the percentage of the Jewish population in Strzelno oscillated around 3%, to rise to about 4% in the period of the Duchy of Warsaw. However, shortly after Strzelno came under Prussian rule again, the number of local Jews doubled.

PL

Na Kujawach ludność żydowska zaczęła się osiedlać już w początku XV wieku, najpierw przede wszystkim w miastach królewskich, aby następnie licznie zamieszkać miasta prywatne. W ośrodkach dóbr kościelnych zazwyczaj w ogóle nie dopuszczano do osiedlania się Żydów. Do tej grupy zaliczało się również Strzelno, będące własnością tamtejszego klasztoru norbertanek. Sytuacja ta zmieniła się dopiero po 1772 roku, gdy w wyniku pierwszego rozbioru Polski miasto znalazło się pod zaborem pruskim. Pomimo początkowo nieprzyjaznego dla Żydów ustawodawstwa, za panowania Fryderyka II zaledwie tolerowanych, ta grupa ludności dość chętnie zaczęła napływać do miast, które dotychczas były dla niej zamknięte. Pierwsza informacja źródłowa o Żydach zamieszkujących Strzelno pochodzi z lat 1779–1780. Dowodzi to, że musieli się osiedlić już w drugiej połowie lat 70. XVIII wieku, prawdopodobnie w związku z pożarem dzielnicy żydowskiej w Inowrocławiu w 1775 roku. Początkowo odsetek ludności żydowskiej w Strzelnie oscylował wokół 3%, aby w okresie Księstwa Warszawskiego wzrosnąć do około 4%. Natomiast tuż po ponownym przejściu Strzelna pod władzę Prus liczba tamtejszych Żydów podwoiła się.

15

Jedenastowieczne cmentarzysko w Morawach

63%

Danielewski M.

Historia Slavorum Occidentis

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2017

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issue 3 (14)

23-42

EN

This article deals with the issues of an 11th century grave field in Morawy village in Kuyavia. In the first Piasts times, the area was an integral part of the dynasty’s dominion. Discovered in the 1930s, the grave field is of great importance from the point of view of considerations of ethnically foreign settlement in Poland. At the same time, the grave field registered by Stanisław Madajski supplements our knowledge of the advancement of Christianity in the 11th century in Poland. The knowledge of the necropolis, especially general access to the results of the excavations in Morawy, were unsatisfactory. Therefore, an attempt was made to re-discuss the results of the excavations from 1937, verified in the field in 2015. As part of the new research, the formerly excavated material was verified, topped with archive search queries aimed at recognising open settlement in the village of Morawy and the grave field itself.

16

Nieznane cmentarzysko ludności kultury łużyckiej z Kępki Szlacheckiej, pow. włocławski

63%

Purowski T.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2022

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vol. LXXIII

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issue 73

241-244

EN

In the 1950s, cremation graves of the Lusatian Culture were discovered by chance at Kępka Szlachecka. The archaeological site is located on a hill surrounded to the south and west by Kępskie Lake and to the east by the River Lubieńka (Fig. 1, 3, 4). Two small earthen vessels and few fragments of cremated human bones have survived to this day in the hands of private owners. It is known that at least one more, larger, vessel – a cinerary urn, now lost – complemented the assemblage. The preserved pottery consists of:1. A small amphora, decorated at the base of the neck with a horizontal groove (Fig. 2:a–c); 2. A small cup or mug (Fig. 2:d–f). The dimensions of the artefacts suggest that they served as accessory vessels. The dating of the pottery falls within a broad chronological range extending from Bronze Age IV to Hallstatt D. The cemetery at Kępka Szlachecka has not been previously mentioned in the literature. A map of the Archaeological Polish Record shows five archaeological sites located to the north of Kępskie Lake (Fig. 3), but only one of them (no. 4) yielded three pottery sherds that may date to the time of the development of the Lusatian Culture.

PL

W latach 50. XX wieku w Kępce Szlacheckiej zostały przypadkowo znalezione groby ciałopalne ludności kultury łużyckiej. Stanowisko archeologiczne położone jest na wzniesieniu otoczonym od południa i zachodu Jeziorem Kępskim, zaś od wschodu – rzeką Lubieńką (Ryc. 1; 4). Obecnie niewielka część odkrytych przedmiotów znajduje się w rękach prywatnych. Do dziś przetrwały dwa nieduże naczynia gliniane oraz pojedyncze fragmenty przepalonych kości ludzkich. Wiadomo, że zbiór uzupełniała przynajmniej większa popielnica, która zaginęła. Zachowana ceramika to: 1. Mała amfora, zdobiona u nasady szyjki poziomo rytą bruzdą (Ryc. 2:a-c). 2. Niewielki czerpak lub kubek (Ryc. 2:d-f). Opisane przedmioty są pozostałością po zniszczonym grobie ciałopalnym ludności kultury łużyckiej. Wymiary naczyń glinianych wskazują, że w przeszłości pełniły funkcję przystawek. Ceramikę można datować w szerokim przedziale chronologicznym, od IV okresu epoki brązu do podokresu Hallstatt D. Nekropola z Kępki Szlacheckiej nie była do tej pory znana w literaturze. Na mapie AZP na północ od Jeziora Kępskiego zlokalizowanych jest 5 stanowisk archeologicznych (ryc. 3), ale tylko na jednym (nr 4) znaleziono 3 fragmenty ceramiki, które być może pochodzą z czasu rozwoju kultury łużyckiej.

17

Final Paleolithic sites in Kuyavia

63%

Płaza D., Wicha J., Papiernik P.

Acta Archaeologica Lodziensia

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2017

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vol. 63

29-36

PL

Kujawy są znane z wielu stanowisk z epoki kamienia (szczególnie neolitu) przy czym stanowiska datowane na paleolit schyłkowy są bardzo rzadko spotkane. W trakcie realizacji programu badawczego w rejonie grobowców kujawskich w Wietrzychowicach otrzymaliśmy informacje o wykopywanych w torfie przedmiotach kościanych w Skaszynie. Kilkukrotna wizytacja tego miejsca przyniosła obok nielicznych materiałów neolitycznych i wczesnobrązowych niespodziewane odkrycia charakterystycznych krzemieni, które powinny być datowane na schyłkowy paleolit i łączone z kulturą świderską.

EN

Kuyavia is one of the richest regions in archaeological finds especially in stone age archaeology. Unfortunately for a long time there were almost no data about Paleolithic sites. The first insubstantial information came from the Polish Archaeological Research Project from late 70-ties when the first Paleolithic flint were identified. A new perspective appeared around 2010 and the beginning of PhD research about Mesolithic in Kuyavia when all Final Paleolithic sites from archive of Polish Archaeological Research were registered (Płaza 2015). This research showed around 30 sites which could be indirectly linked with Final Paleolithic cultures. During last few years several further Final Paleolithic sites have been identified during field walking studies connected with execution of project “Archaeological sources in the region of Wietrzychowice Culture Park” supported by Ministry of Culture and National Heritage. All the data collected suggests that in the near future much more Final Paleolithic sites ought to be found in Kuyavia.

18

Biskup, papieski inkwizytor i heretycy. Uwagi o dokumentacji procesów o herezję w księdze biskupa włocławskiego Zbigniewa Oleśnickiego (1473-1481)

63%

Kras P.

Roczniki Historyczne

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2023

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vol. 89

85-106

EN

In January 1480, in the court of Bishop Zbigniew Oleśnicki of Włocławek a few burgers of Inowrocław were summoned to testify about local supporters of Hussitism. Over the ten months, more than a dozen people were interrogated whose testimonies shed light on the activities of small groups of Kuyavian Utraquists over the course of over half a century. Testimonies of individuals suspected of heresy and witnesses, as well as notes regarding other judicial activities, were recorded in separate documentation, which constitutes the preliminary part of the oldest court book of Kuyavian bishops (currently in the Diocesan Archive in Włocławek, under reference number 011). The article analyses the creation and structure of this documentation, and at the same time shows the role of the bishop, the cathedral chapter, and the papal inquisitor in inquisitorial operations against Kuyavian adherents of Utraquism.

PL

W styczniu 1480 r., przed sądem biskupa włocławskiego Zbigniewa Oleśnickiego rozpoczęły się przesłuchania mieszkańców Inowrocławia w sprawie miejscowych sympatyków husytyzmu. W ciągu 10 miesięcy przesłuchano kilkanaście osób, których zeznania rzuciły światło na działalność niewielkich grup utrakwistów kujawskich na przestrzeni ponad pół wieku. Zeznania osób podejrzewanych o herezję i świadków, a także zapiski dotyczące innych czynności procesowych zostały zapisane w wyodrębnionej dokumentacji, która stanowi wstępną część najstarszej zachowanej włocławskiej księgi biskupiej (Archiwum Diecezjalnym we Włocławsku, sygn. 011). Artykuł analizuje powstanie i strukturę tej dokumentacji, a zarazem ukazuje rolę biskupa, kapituły katedralnej, a także papieskiego inkwizytora w działaniach inkwizycyjnych przeciwko kujawskim zwolennikom utrakwizmu.

Refine search results

Finds of Purse Fastenings from the Iron Age ‘Central Place’ at Gąski-Wierzbiczany in Kuyavia (Central Poland)

Two water wells of the LBK culture from the north part of the site of Kruszyn 3/10, Włocławek commune

Osadnictwo kultury pucharów lejkowatych na stanowisku 1 w Michalinie, gm. Waganiec, woj. kujawsko-pomorskie

Nie wszystko „tarło” co ma zęby – w poszukiwaniu funkcji

Nadgoplański gród szarlej I jego właściciele w średniowieczu

A flint dagger from Brzoza, Nowa Wieś Wielka com., Bydgoszcz dist., Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship

The early medieval village of Morawy: a grave field from the 11th century

The chronology of T-shaped axes in the Polish Lowland

Palimpsest, time perspectivism and megaliths

Dystrybucja i rola sztyletów krzemiennych wśród społeczności grupy kościańskiej kultury unietyckiej – analiza typologiczno-chronologiczna materiałów z Niziny Wielkopolsko-Kujawskiej oraz studium przypadku znaleziska z Bronikowa (gm. Śmigiel)

Refleksje nad perspektywami zachowania stanowisk neolitycznych w dorzeczu Tążyny

Field Survey Versus Excavation – Compatibility of Results Illustrated by the Example of Selected Sites from the A1 Motorway in the Włocławek Province, Poland

Cechy konstytutywne tożsamości kujawskiej na podstawie Kujawskich legend, gawęd i gadek Antoniego Benedykta Łukaszewicza

Początki społeczności żydowskiej w Strzelnie (1772/1773–1815)

Jedenastowieczne cmentarzysko w Morawach

Nieznane cmentarzysko ludności kultury łużyckiej z Kępki Szlacheckiej, pow. włocławski

Final Paleolithic sites in Kuyavia

Biskup, papieski inkwizytor i heretycy. Uwagi o dokumentacji procesów o herezję w księdze biskupa włocławskiego Zbigniewa Oleśnickiego (1473-1481)