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EN
Olga Tokarczuk proposes – both in the Nobel Prize lecture and in her essays – her concept of literature, the features of which are the project she calls ognosia, based on a four-person (panoptical) narrator, or the understanding and function of myth, and more broadly – of all narration. As she believes, her concept can be considered as alter-religious. She refers to the nature of the biblical narrative to – resorting to analogy – describe her view of an author and other components of a literary work. The concept may be interpreted from the point of view of literary theory but also theology. The article is an attempt at such an interpretation. Its author looks for a parallel between literature as understood by Tokarczuk and the Bible as a text revealed and written down by hagiographers. In the conclusion of the sketch, a thesis may be found that Tokarczuk’s idea is not a post-secular or quasi-religious project, but secular and de facto gnostic, because it refers to the knowledge and supposedly divine competence as the foundation for the construction of the world presented.
PL
Zarówno w wykładzie noblowskim, jak i w swoich esejach Olga Tokarczuk proponuje własną koncepcję literatury, którymi elementami są projekt nazywany przez nią ognozją, koncepcja narratora czwartoosobowego (panoptykalnego) czy też rozumienie i funkcja mitu, a szerzej – wszelkiej narracji. Jak sama przyznaje, jej koncepcję można uznać za alterreligijną. Ona sama odwołuje się do natury narracji biblijnej, aby – uciekając się do analogii – opisać własną koncepcję autora i innych składowych dzieła literackiego. Jej koncepcję można interpretować z punktu widzenia teorii literatury, ale także teologii. Niniejszy tekst jest próbą takiej właśnie interpretacji. Autor szuka paraleli pomiędzy literaturą w rozumieniu Tokarczuk a Biblią jako tekstem objawionym i spisanym przez hagiografa. W konkluzji autor stawia tezę, że nie jest to projekt postsekularny czy quasi-religijny, ale sekularny, a de facto gnostycki, ponieważ odwołuje się do wiedzy i kompetencji niby-boskiej jako fundamentu dla konstrukcji świata przedstawionego.
EN
The paper discusses the issue of waste and plastic, especially plastic bags, in the works by Olga Tokarczuk. The author considers what waste is in today’s civilization. Waste is a marginalized, omitted element in the human existence. This character of waste is used by Tokarczuk in her prose, where waste appears in full sight only to disappear a moment later. She presents plastic products as an example of a new, better species, which may prove to have surpassed man in terms of survival of the fittest. In her essays and short stories examples of a new spirituality related to waste segregation can also be observed.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia problem odpadów i plastiku, zwłaszcza plastikowych torebek w twórczości Olgi Tokarczuk. Autorka zastanawia się nad tym, czym są odpady dla współczesnej cywilizacji. Śmieć stanowi element zmarginalizowany i pomijany w ludzkiej egzystencji i jako taki zostaje przejęty przez noblistkę. Przedstawia ona wytwory z plastiku jako przykład nowego, lepszego gatunku, który w walce o byt może okazać się lepszy od człowieka. W jej esejach i opowiadaniach można także dostrzec przejawy wytworzenia się nowej duchowości w związku z segregacją śmieci.
EN
The article offers an interpretation of Olga Tokarczuk’s story, The Visit, in which the writer portrays the epoch of man in the costume of a futuristic clone community. The Anthropocene, shown by the Nobel Prize winner in a distorted mirror, appears as a mixture of discourses based on language, image, and body, confronted with the egocentric, introverted personality profile of the protagonists of the work. In the context of post‑humanist thought (R. Braidotti, D. Haraway, T. Morton), this complexity becomes, paradoxically, a condition for the survival of humanity.
PL
W artykule zaproponowano interpretację opowiadania Olgi Tokarczuk Wizyta, w którym pisarka sportretowała epokę człowieka w kostiumie futurystycznej społeczności klonów. Ukazany przez noblistkę w krzywym zwierciadle antropocen jawi się jako mieszanina opartych na języku, obrazie i ciele dyskursów, zderzonych z egocentrycznym, introwertycznym profilem osobowościowym bohaterek utworu. W kontekście myśli posthumanistycznej (R. Braidotti, D. Haraway, T. Morton) ta złożoność staje się, paradoksalnie, warunkiem przetrwania ludzkości.
EN
The essay is an attempt to sketch a panorama of representations of the body, corporeality and their relation to gender identity in prose written after 1989, a caesura of particular significance for corporeality. The text discusses literary images of gender identity on the basis of available studies that show the state of research in this field. The essay refers to the concept of the androgynous myth and also refers to the theories of the ‘opaque body’ and the ‘unwanted body’. The problematics contained in the text refer to the works of Olga Tokarczuk, Natasza Goerke, Izabela Filipiak and Andrzej Czcibor-Piotrowski, among others, which deal with the body-related gender identity. The study does not consider works that contain literary representations of gender identity that function in isolation from the body, but focuses on those that are central to the issues of corporeality. This stems from the assumption of the importance of the bodily experience in a literary work that should not only refer to the body, but also touch on the essence of humanity.
EN
This paper outlines the history and modern usages of the concept of “tenderness” in Polish literary criticism. It introduces the genealogy and origins in the esthetics of sentimentalism, along with its romantic modifications and its place in Polish literature and modern criticism. Modern usages of tenderness in national literary criticism have been discussed, followed by the analysis of the notions of “tenderness” and “the tender narrator” from Olga Tokarczuk’s Nobel Prize speech. The final part focuses on selected examples of international reception, which combines tenderness with eco-criticism and issues of world literature.
PL
Artykuł omawia historię i współczesność użyć pojęcia „czułość” w polskiej krytyce literackiej. Przedstawiona została genealogia pojęcia, jego pochodzenie z estetyki sentymentalizmu, modyfikacje romantyczne i obecność w polskiej literaturze i krytyce nowoczesnej. Ukazano wielość współczesnych użyć czułości w rodzimej krytyce literackiej, po czym poddane zostały analizie „czułość” i „czuły narrator” z mowy noblowskiej Olgi Tokarczuk. W ostatniej części ukazane zostały wybrane przykłady z recepcji światowej, gdzie czułość łączona jest z ekokrytyką i problematyką literatury światowej.
EN
This article proposes to consider Olga Tokarczuk’s short story Profesor Andrews w Warszawie [Professor Andrews Goes to Warsaw] from the volume Gra na wielu bębenkach [Playing on Many Drums] as a tale of a journey to what could be called the starting point of the culture of moderation. It is a record of a process where the protagonist gets lost in a foreign city (and language) and is forced to limit the needs that make up the classic pyramid developed by the American psychologist Abraham Maslow, with his physiological needs taking over and emerging as the involuntary ultimate goal of his journey. In the context of the culture of moderation, Professor Andrews arises as a peculiar example of an individual who applies reduction strategies and eventually arrives at the conclusion that if something does not condition the existence as such it is essentially redundant. While not devoid of a Cathartic element, the drama presents a character stripped off of all attributes of his previous status, juxtaposing them with the deficit of consumer goods in Poland during the martial law as a still valid perspective for questions about possession and (well-)being. Although the current slogans calling for a reduction of human needs tend to focus on nature, which finds it increasingly more difficult to endure our consumerist debauchery, the direction set by the culture of moderation remains unchanged.
Świat i Słowo
|
2023
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vol. 41
|
issue 2
363-379
EN
In her literary work, Olga Tokarczuk consistently pays attention to the scandal of nonhuman animals’ involuntary suffering. Criticizing the ideology of human domination over nature and the unreflective replication of naturalized standards of behavior toward animals-manifesting, among others, in the tacit acceptance of the hunting “ritual” or the atrocities of industrial farming-she posits the el evation of empathy and insight to the rank of cognitive tools. In her essay “Maski zwierząt,” she encourages not only artists but everyone-starting with scientists who determine new research paradigms and ending with an average consumer of animal products-to use those tools in order to puncture our cultural prejudices and illusions and see beyond them the animal as an Other who is inconceivably close to us. This article attempts to respond to Tokarczuk’s challenge. It tries to decide the ontological status of nonhuman animals in her novels and short stories, reveal the horror of our perceptual inertia which enables systemic oppressions to flourish, and review some of the heterotopian alternatives imagined by Tokarczuk.
EN
Ethnolinguistic inquiry makes ample use of insights proposed in translation studies: one of them is to consider the original and its translations as a coherent body of texts. However, if in most cases the original–translation relationship is viewed in terms of the inevitable loss that occurs in the process, this study proposes to search for semantic gains in the original–translation configuration, in the sense that the translation complements or develops the original. Three categories of such gain are proposed: (1) extension of the original’s semantics (which is effected through profiling as a parameter of cognitive salience), (2) retrieval of the multiple viewpoints present in the original, and (3) enhancement of the original’s meaning (effected through the “loudness” of the speaking “voice”). The three categories of gain are illustrated here with the various ways in which the concept of tenderness is profiled in the English, French, Portuguese, and Russian translations of Olga Tokarczuk’s Nobel lecture.
PL
Refleksja etnolingwistyczna korzysta z osiągnięć przekładoznawstwa w różnoraki sposób; jednym z nich jest spojrzenie na dwutekst lub wielotekst (obejmujący oryginalny tekst i jego przekłady) jako na spójną całość. O ile zazwyczaj podkreśla się nieuchronnie powstające w procesie tłumaczenia straty, wielotekst można także rozpatrywać pod kątem zysku (lub wzbogacenia) semantycznego, kiedy to przekład dopełnia lub rozwija oryginał. W artykule zaproponowano określenie trzech kategorii takiego zysku, opisując je w odniesieniu do instrumentarium językoznawstwa kognitywnego i etnolingwistyki kognitywnej (zwłaszcza koncepcji językowego obrazu świata): (1) poszerzenie pola semantycznego oryginału (tu rolę odgrywa profilowanie jako parametr wyróżnienia poznawczego), (2) wydobycie obecnej w oryginale wielości punktów widzenia oraz (3) wzmocnienie jego przesłania, co dzieje się za sprawą większego „natężenia głosu” jako konstruktu tekstowego. Kategorie te ilustrowane są różnymi sposobami mentalnego zobrazowania pojęcia czułości w angielskim, francuskim, portugalskim i rosyjskim tłumaczeniu wykładu noblowskiego Olgi Tokarczuk.
EN
This article examines proper nouns in the works of Olga Tokarczuk. I analyse critical assumptions of literary onomastics and try to understand to what extent the onimic layer of the works of the Polish Nobel laureate can be considered as a system. The cited examples of literary proper names appearing in selected Tokarczuk novels allow us to understand the individual features of naming (especially the use of capital letters and the creation of individual descriptors) as well as the way this is rooted in the broader context of literature, culture, science and history, which also influence the use of proper names in the author’s works. The theories put forward by Italian literary historian Franco Moretti provide a complementary analytical framework.
EN
The article chronologically reconstructs the process of reception of Olga Tokarczuk’s prose in China with particular focus on the period after she received the Nobel Prize for Literature. The author invokes utterances of the translators, publishers and critics to demonstrate how Tokarczuk’s works fare on the Chinese book market in terms of marketing, in the context of sales results and their presence online, which elements of her writings are closest to the Chinese readers and why, what global literary and cultural discourses her work is assigned to and what challenges the Chinese translators are faced with when translating her prose.
EN
“Magical realism” in Prawiek i inne czasy has been noticed very quickly by the critics of Olga Tokarczuk’s novel. If some typically Polish elements can be observed in the text’s composition, other “ingredients,” more universal, also appear, but they are “polonised,” if only due to the Polish language of the novel. When comparing an original passage (the chapter Czas Topielca Pluszcza), which contains Slavic mythological elements linked with water, with its translations into Czech, French and Spanish, it appears that “national fantastic” features create differences which enlarge with geographical and cultural distance: the Czech version does not contain many shifts compared with the original, while the French and Spanish versions bring about cultural alterity effects. These, however, should not be considered as an obstacle to the reading.
EN
The article attempts to present how the geographical site with its historical implications is reconstructed in Tokarczuk’s novel. The analyzed village of Iwanie, which played a significant role in the Frankist heresy, turns out to be a disappointment for the author.
EN
This article is an analysis of Olga Tokarczuk’s novel "Bieguni", the main subject of which is movement. Interpretation of the book aims at demonstrating that the image of labyrinth operates in Olga Tokarczuk’s text as a literary motif or “labyrinthness represented” and as “labyrinthness representing” organizing the structure of the work on many planes.
EN
The aim of this paper is to examine intertextual relations between Olga Tokarczuk’s The Books of Jacob and New Athens by Benedykt Chmielowski which are interesting due to the ongoing debate about (un)encyclopedic and (un)scientific nature of „the oldest polish encyclopedia”. Both the author of New Athens and the book itself are used by Polish Nobel Laureate as symbols of the soon-to-be gone pre-Enlightenment era, and they are contrasted with the work of Johann Heinrich Zeler or Denis Diderot. It is worth noting that this particular image of New Athens is determined by edition used by Tokarczuk. Author of Flights was familiar with and influenced by the famous edition of New Athens made by Maria and Jan Józef Lipscy. Interferences in the structure of the original text, highly subjective and tendencious selection of included material and addition of satirical images by Szymon Kobyliński shaped perception of New Athens as curious and bizarre work, alien to ideals of 18th century encyclopedists. This edition perpetuated the „black legend” of the so-called „first polish encyclopedia”. Polish Nobel Prize laureate – by using this particular edition – unwillingly and unknowingly took part in a centuries long debate about the work of Chmielowski. This entanglement leads to interesting problems and asks serious questions: how choice of sources can influence one’s perception of text? How different would be usage of this encyclopedia and its role in the novel if Tokarczuk would not be familiar with Lipscy edition? In this paper the author compares three different New Athens: the original ones, written by Benedykt Chmielowski, famous edition made by Józef and Maria Lipscy and fictional New Athens described in The Books of Jacob.
EN
The article seeks to explore the theme of nature’s revenge in Olga Tokarczuk’s novel Drive Your Plow Over the Bones of the Dead (2009, translated into English in 2018). The book may be classified as Anthropocene fiction or eco-fiction Tokarczuk’s treatment of vengeful nature in Drive Your Plow… manifests as a literary representation of a physiology of an ecosystem in disequilibrium, pervaded by images of blood in a snowy landscape. The author renders her female protagonist, Janina Duszejko, a proponent and practitioner of a theory proposing that nature wreaks revenge on humans. Tokarczuk presents new ways of imagining agency beyond anthropocentrism. Drive Your Plow may serve as an example of literary fiction from which posthumanist reflections may spring, while simultaneously it oftentime (even if unintentionally) draws on posthumanist philosophy and ethics. I also refer to Olga Tokarczuk biography and views in search of her environmental concerns and solutions.
EN
The work reflects Olga Tokarczuk’s short story Dress Rehearsal which deals with the topic of apocalypse, climatic catastrophe, and climate change. The article is a part of a scientific work, which is a master’s thesis dealing with the complex issue of the subjectivity of animals and nature, as well as the common environment and post-environment, and the study of the relationship between humans and non-humans. In the work, the Nobel Prize winner comes under the influence of a ‘world-creator’ and an ‘intense observer’, thus human relations can be complicated in times of the end of the world and how human attitudes towards animals and the world change. This time of the end, marked by Giorgio Agamben with the messianic era, allows for a certain non-action towards reality, and empathy and compassion begin being a remedy for centuries of objectification of other beings.
EN
The aim of this article is to examine the renderings of lexical items essential for the structure and the content of Tokarczuk’s ‘Bieguni’, i.e. podróż, and ruch, in the English translation performed by Jennifer Croft. Since we believe that both a wide-angle lens and a microscope are needed to view the composition properly, we offer both a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the terms in question. In particular, 78 instances of the use of podróż, and 80 instances of the use of ruch are subject to the scrupulous comparative analyses when it comes to their translated equivalents, providing an in-depth description of their context-embedded textual meanings, and an attempt to demonstrate that some of the translator’s choices befit the characteristics of explicitation.
EN
After 1989, the most productive translator of Polish literature in Slovakia is Karol Chmel. This article shows the variety of Chmel’s translations. In the 1990’s and early 2000’s he focused on poetic generations “Nowa Fala” (New Wave) and “brulion” which were unknown in Slovakia until his translations were published. Apart from poetry, his translation portfolio includes prose, essays and literary journalism. K. Chmel is the exclusive Slovak translator of Olga Tokarczuk’s and Andrzej Sapkowski’s works. The translation of Slavic demons names in The Witcher by A. Sapkowski is analyzed in this article.
SK
Karol Chmel je najproduktívnejším prekladateľom poľskej literatúry na Slovensku po roku 1989. V 90. rokoch a začiatkom nového tisícročia stáli v centre jeho pozornosti poetické generácie Nová vlna a brulion, ktoré boli na Slovensku dovtedy celkom neznáme. Okrem poézie patrí do Chmelovho prekladateľského portfólia aj próza, esej a literárna reportáž. K. Chmel je výlučným prekladateľom diel Olgy Tokarczuk či Andrzeja Sapkowského. V článku je analyzovaný preklad mien slovanských démonov v knižnom cykle Zaklínač od A. Sapkowského.  
EN
The article critically considers Wiesław Myśliwski’s play "Drzewo" [The Tree], the most important text of Polish post-war dendrological literature. The play is viewed as a typical example of the symbiotic-cum-toxic relationship between Poland and its literature, a relationship that also influences the way the world of plants is represented in other Polish literary texts. The situation in this particular case changed after 1989. These days we observe a genuine expansion of ecocriticism and its political consequences, notably in the works of Olga Tokarczuk. Apart from her writings, dendrological tropes are represented in Polish contemporary literature in the texts of Andrzej Stasiuk, Michał Witkowski, Wojciech Wencel, Jan Leończuk, and Andrzej Sapkowski. The taxonomy of all their dendrological tropes seems as urgent to be conducted as it is, in fact, impossible to achieve.
PL
Autor analizuje i interpretuje najważniejszy literacki tekst dendrologiczny polskiej literatury powojennej, czyli dramat Drzewo Wiesława Myśliwskiego. Rozpoznaje go jako typowy przykład symbiotyczno-toksycznego związku między Polską i literaturą, decydującego także o tym, jak funkcjonuje w polskiej literaturze świat roślin. Sytuacja zmienia się po roku 1989. Jej konsekwencją jest dzisiejsza, ekologiczna i polityczna ekspansja ekokrytyki, którą najskuteczniej reprezentują utwory Olgi Tokarczuk. Obok nich pojawiają się w tekście inne dendrologiczne tropy  reprezentowane w polskiej literaturze współczesnej między innymi przez teksty Andrzeja Stasiuka, Michała Witkowskiego, Wojciecha Wencla, Jana Leończuka i Andrzeja Sapkowskiego. Próba ich uporządkowania wydaje się zarówno potrzebna, jak i nieskuteczna.
EN
By her novel Dom dzienny, dom nocny (1999), Olga Tokarczuk (re)introduced the nearly forgotten figure of Saint Wilgefortis/Saint Kümmernis into modern cultural memory. The cult of Saint Wilgefortis had spread widely over Europe in the late Middle ages and Early modern times but the Saint had never been officially recognized by the Catholic Church and, consequently, her cult had been nearly totally erased in the times of the Enlightenment. The cult can serve as an example for the permeability of the borders between official and unofficial culture, for the emergence, disappearance and re-emergence of culturally significant figures. Saint Wilgefortis can serve as an example for the arbitrariness of gender constructions and the borders between them, for their partial or total incompatibility with the sexual identity of a single person. In addition to that, the saint’s many names indicate the instability of naming, its dependence on place, time and language. The instabilities of the saint’s figure and name let her become a fascinating object for the postmodern novelist Olga Tokarczuk and the dramatist Piotr Tomaszuk. The paper analyzes and compares the transfer of the history and rites of Saint Wilgefortis’ cult into a novel and from the novel into a drama.
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