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RU
The paper is devoted to insects in Polish and Russian linguistic views of the world. The figurative meanings, derivational potential and semantic connotations of insects’ names, as well as idioms have been analysed to reveal the position of these animals in the language awareness of Poles and Russians.
PL
Obecnie wymieranie owadów zapylających staje się problemem ogólnoświatowym. Jest to istotne nie tylko z punktu widzenie utraty bioróżnorodności, ale ma ogromne znaczenie dla rolnictwa i gospodarki żywnościowej świata. Tradycyjne sposoby ochrony owadów i innych zapylaczy postrzega się, albo w kategoriach ochrony gatunkowej, albo ochrony biotopowej, w ich naturalnych lub półnaturalnych siedliskach. Jednak coraz czyściej podejmuje się próby ochrony tej grupy owadów w środowiskach silnie zmienionych przez człowieka, jak na przykład aglomeracje miejskie i towarzysząca im infrastruktura. Istnieją też inne propozycje, jak na przykład zakładanie pewnego rodzaju upraw – „Ostoje Zapylaczy”, na niewielkich poletkach w sąsiedztwie pól uprawnych lub miejscach nie przydatnych gospodarczo. W obecnej sytuacji wszystkie propozycje ochrony, zarówno te starsze – klasyczne, jak i te nowe, powinny być stosowane w sposób kompleksowy, bo tylko to może przynieść poprawę sytuacji owadów zapylających.
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Klaudiusz Elian o nazwach cykad

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EN
In his work Περὶ ζῴων ἰδιότητος (De natura animalium X 44) Claudius Aelian describes cicadas’ names in the following way: „There are, it seems, many species of cicada (τέττιξ), and those who are skilled in these mattersenumerate them and report their names. Thus, the Ashen one (τεφράς) is so called from its colour; whence the Membrax (μέμβραξ) got its name I do not know; and Chirper (λακέτας), it appears, is the name for a cicada; and I have heard tell of the Long-tail (κερκώπη) and the Shriller (ἀχέτας) and the Prickly one (ἀκάνθιος). Well, these are all the kinds of Cicada of which I remember having heard the names, but if anyone has got to know more than those that I have mentioned, he must tell them” (translated by Scholfield 1959: 339–341). It is necessary to follow Aelian’s suggestion and explain all the mentioned cicadas’ names from the point of view of the Greek etymology and word-formation.
PL
In his work Περὶ ζῴων ἰδιότητος (De natura animalium X 44) Claudius Aelian describes cicadas’ names in the following way: „There are, it seems, many species of cicada (τέττιξ), and those who are skilled in these matters enumerate them and report their names. Thus, the Ashen one (τεφράς) is so called from its colour; whence the Membrax (μέμβραξ) got its name I do not know; and Chirper (λακέτας), it appears, is the name for a cicada; and I have heard tell of the Long-tail (κερκώπη) and the Shriller (ἀχέτας) and the Prickly one (ἀκάνθιος). Well, these are all the kinds of Cicada of which I remember having heard the names, but if anyone has got to know more than those that I have mentioned, he must tell them” (translated by Scholfield 1959: 339–341). It is necessary to follow Aelian’s suggestion and explain all the mentioned cicadas’ names from the point of view of the Greek etymology and word-formation.
EN
Jean-Henri Fabre made numerous discoveries observing meticulously the lifestyle and behaviour of insects which lived around his traditional house in Provence. Those discoveries are still valid, even though the heterodox entomologist became the standard bearer for opponents of transformism, which perpetually progressed and is about to triumph. Fabre is first known to have been an outstanding observer, but also to have gathered together in a colossal collection his entomologist’s memoirs, whose literary – and even poetic – value is celebrated as far away as Japan. This article proposes to question the validity of the preconceived idea that Les Souvenirs entomologiques adds to the accurate eye of the observer the fertile imagination of the poet. Refusing to just make note of this a posteriori superposition, it hypothesizes that there is a reunification of the inflexible empiricism of the biological approach with a creative imagination which reveals to be omnipresent in every phase of Fabre’s enterprise: the hypothesis, the validation by observation, and the literary transcription.
EN
In this article, I have used the metaphor of the ecosystem in which animals, plants and humans are involved. Animals play an important role in the Mickiewicz’s ecosystem, becoming the basis for revaluing the thought of who can be a hero, because the author recognizes them as equal with those of Gustav or Priest figure. What is more, animals are not being perceived as objects any more. Mickiewicz’s hero sees himself as part of nature. In the article special attention has been paid to the insects as animals standing at the crossroads of life and death. In this role, the author of Dziady part IV casted insects, which seem to blur the boundary between two realities.
PL
W artykule, poświęconym czwartej części Dziadów Adama Mickiewicza, posłużyłam się metaforą ekosystemu, w który uwikłane są zwierzęta, rośliny oraz ludzie. Zwierzęta odgrywają istotną rolę w Mickiewiczowskim ekosystemie, stając się podstawą przewartościowania myślenia o tym, kto może być bohaterem, gdyż autor przyznaje im status równoprawny z tym, który posiadają Gustaw czy Ksiądz. Co więcej, zwierzęta przestają być postrzegane przedmiotowo. Mickiewiczowski bohater widzi siebie jako cząstkę natury. W artykule zwrócono szczególną uwagę na insekty jako zwierzęta stojące na styku śmierci i życia. W tej roli autor Dziadów obsadził owady, które zdają się zacierać granicę między dwoma rzeczywistościami.
EN
The aim of this article is to analyse the relationship between bioacoustics, electronic sound production, and popular music. The electronic revolution in music production in the mid-1960s, inspired by the invention of electronic musical instruments for sound synthesis (Moog, Buchla, ARP Odyssey), was given a prominent place not only in the academic avant-garde laboratories but also in the popular music market, resulting in the emergence of new musical genres and challenging the classical instruments of rock music (guitar, bass, drums). However, abstract electronic sounds and sound-objects ‘discovered’ by rock and roll artists inevitably required new points of reference transcending beyond the existing canon (blues – classical music). One of them was to imitate (through synthesisers) or employ (through bioacoustic recordings) the sounds of insects as adequate equivalents of the ‘sound masses’ generated by electronic instruments and commonly used sound effects. It resulted in a significant re-evaluation of music production and the relationship between popular culture and avant-garde art.
EN
In this study, derived names of insects in Czech were excerpted from two books: Atlas hmyzu [Insect Atlas] (Pokorný – Šifner, 2004) and Hmyz [The Insect] (Zahradniḱ – Severa, 2015). A significant majority of these were formed independently of the international Latin terms. It turns out that the most common suffixes used to create Czech scientific insect names denote diminution, substantives derived from adjectives, agent nouns, and feminine forms derived from masculine ones.
RU
Настоящая статья представляет собой исследование того, как в литературных текстах изменилась роль мухи – существа, на первый взгляд совсем ничего не значащего. Источником к подготовке статьи стало множество образов и интерпретаций, связанных с присутствием этого неприметного насекомого на страницах литературы. Муха становится в них «верным спутником» человека, с одной стороны, идентифицируя себя с ним, с другой – будучи существом, по отношению к которому мы испытываем равнодушие.
EN
This article offers an overview of the literary functions of the fly, that seemingly meaningless and inconspicuous creature. The main inspiration for this analysis has come from observations of the diversity of the images, ideas, and interpretations related to the fly found on the pages of literary works. In them, the fly often becomes man’s “faithful companion,” a being a person can identify with; but it also tends to be represented as a creature towards which people remain indifferent.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł został przygotowany jako studium przekrojowe funkcjonowania muchy – pozornie nic nieznaczącego stworzenia – w tekstach literackich. Kluczem do przygotowania szkicu była różnorodność obrazów i co za tym idzie myśli i możliwości interpretacji, które wprowadza swoim występowaniem na kartach literatury ten niepozorny owad. Mucha staje się w nich „wiernym towarzyszem” człowieka, będąc mu tożsamą, a zarazem stworzeniem, wobec którego żywimy obojętność.
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