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Human Affairs
|
2009
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vol. 19
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issue 1
60-67
EN
Rorty's historicist romanticism is a peculiar and oft criticized feature of his neopragmatism. I attempt to show that it should be regarded not so much as a more or less exceptionable philosophical approach, but rather, as a practice in ‘cultural politics’-which is his ultimate definition for philosophy-prompted by his acute political concerns and his views on the nature of moral progress.
EN
The main objective of this paper is to present a reinterpretation of Karl Popper’s position on the methodological and sociopolitical views of Karl Marx. In spite of the weaknesses of the Popper’s critique of the achievements of Marx, special attention will be focused on the explanation of contradictions within the epistemological position of the former. This will be of great importance in the context of the analysis of Marx’s historicism, and will also help undermine the coherence view of the founder of falsifi cationism. Additionally, this newly developed perspective will serve as a starting point for evaluation of Marx’s intellectual output, as well as conceptions that refer to him.
Umění (Art)
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2022
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vol. 70
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issue 2
142-148
EN
The article examines the approach of the Viennese art historian Renate Wagner-Rieger (1921–1980) to 19thcentury historicism, and analyses this against the background of the Vienna School of Art History and in the broader context of the methodical canon of that time. The primary focus is on Wagner-Rieger’s reflections on Historicism in 19th-Century Viennese Architecture, which she first presented at the International Art History Congress in 1964, and later followed up in various publications. In these reflections, it was Wagner-Rieger’s aim to see Historicism as a ‘purely artistic phenomenon’ and a ‘uniform artistic development’. She laid down three stages in the development of Historicism, which she believed led from ‘Romantic Historicism’ to ‘strict Historicism’, and finally to ‘late Historicism’. Her article was published in the most sensitive period of early arthistorical research into Historicism, which set the course taken by the future discourse. While the discussion in Germany dealt primarily with the cultural-historical role of Historicism, Wagner-Rieger turned away from a theoretical discussion and towards a seemingly more fruitful empirical differentiation. When examined more closely, it can be seen that the argumentation of Heinrich Wölfflin (1864–1945) had a profound effect on Wagner- Rieger. Wölfflin had presented his Principles of Art History in a chronological development, whose seemingly logical sequence was reflected in Wagner-Rieger’s model. In her remarks can be seen a striving for order and need for certainty in the face of the complexity of the gigantic cultural heritage of the 19th century. But while in Germany a process of ideological ferment with immense consequences for the Federal Republic and its academic work would continue at least until the early 1980s, Viennese art history became entrenched in bourgeois rearguard positions — resulting in a conservative socialisation of later generations of art historians.
CS
Článek se zaměřuje na přístup vídeňské historičky umění Renate Wagnerové-Riegerové (1921–1980) k historismu 19. století a analyzuje ho v souvislosti s vídeňskou školou dějin umění i v širším kontextu soudobého metodologického kánonu. Soustředí se přitom na úvahy Wagnerové-Riegerové o historismu ve vídeňské architektuře 19. století, které představila nejprve ve svém příspěvku na mezinárodním uměleckohistorickém kongresu v roce 1964 a navázala na ně v různých publikacích. Autorka si kladla za cíl sledovat historismus jako „čistě umělecký jev“ a „jednotný umělecký proces“. Stanovila přitom třístupňové vývojové schéma, které podle ní postupovalo od „Romantického historismu“ k „přísnému“ a nakonec k „pozdnímu historismu“. Její článek vznikl v nejcitlivějším období počátků uměleckohistorického výzkumu historismu, ve kterém byl rovněž určen směr budoucích debat. Zatímco ve Spolkové republice Německo se diskuze týkala převážně kulturněhistorické role historismu, Wagnerová- Riegerová se od teoretických otázek obrátila ke zdánlivě plodnější empirické diferenciaci. Při přesnějším pozorování je možné dopodrobna sledovat významný vliv teorie Heinricha Wölfflina (1864–1945) na Renate Wagnerovou-Riegerovou. Již Wölfflin uvažoval o vývoji svých Grundbegriffe v čase a jeho údajný logický sled se odrazil i v modelu Wagnerové-Riegerové. Z jejích vyjádření je patrná snaha o řád a potřeba jistoty tváří v tvář nepřehlednosti obrovského památkového fondu 19. století. Zatímco však v Německu vytrval ideologický kvas s enormním dopadem na vědeckou práci ve Spolkové republice přinejmenším do počátku osmdesátých let, vídeňský dějepis umění setrval na konzervativních ústupových pozicích — s důsledky pro konzervativní výchovu následujících generací historiků a historiček umění.
EN
This article is an attempt to analyze of the standpoint's one of the most influential representative of Austrian Economics School against historicism and empiricism. This article shows that while Ludwig von Mises shared a standpoint of founder Austrian Economic School Carl Menger's against historicism, in the area of empirical methods in the social science differences between two key figures of Austrian School existed, and Mises rejected the empirical methods of Menger. The author of this article used an inter-pretative method of the social science and focused on the text's analysis. The article will conclude that in the opinion of Mises, historicism is the method of self-contradiction and empirical methods in the social science are imperfect and unreliable in the sphere of prediction future event.
EN
The neoromantic and modern Polish culture was the source of Andrzej Kijowski’s literary imagination. His symbols, myths, as well as generally speaking constructivism and historicism were shaped by the specific Polish past. As a result, this author paradoxically was both constructivist and anti-constructivist. His philosophy was changing during his life but there is no strict line of evolution. At the same time, in different proportions, historical relativism and metaphysical essentialism coincided in Kijowski’s thinking.
EN
This paper aims at defining the features of literature of reminiscence, especially of works related to the Second World War. The analysis is based on two memoirs: „Mój wrzesień 1939” [„My September 1939”] by Marian Jędo and „Inną drogą” [„Another way”] by Wiesław Widloch. The texts shows how the authors share their experiences/stories with recipients. As noted by Hayden White, it is impossible to get an objective image of past events, but one can analyze the way these events were experienced and described. As a consequence, the paper starts with theoretical considerations about the functioning of both historical narration and narration of reminiscence in contemporary historical and Literature theses, and also among the recipients of historical books. In fact it is worth mentioning the connection between the research on literature of reminiscence and microhistory studies. In both cases the key issue is to focus on the life of a selected person and to see the world from his or her perspective. Among the research methods used in the present work one can find not only methods defined in the literature dedicated to memoirs analysis but also methods created by historians representing historicism.
EN
This article presents an alternative account of the Enlightenment project than the one offered by Steven Pinker in Enlightenment Now. It also offers some insights into how historic changes concretely occurred. Based on a Marxian reading of history we attempt to complete the portrait of human progress that Pinker provides. The main arguments in support of our alternative explanation of social progress are based on insights taken from important works written by such intellectuals as Giovanni Arrighi, Andre Gunder Frank, Antonio Gramsci, Chris Harman, Eric Hobsbawm, C. L. R. James, Karl Korsch, Domenico Losurdo, Georg Lukács, Rosa Luxemburg and Herbert Marcuse. We believe that our explanation of progress is complementary to Pinker’s and provides a more realistic appreciation of the Enlightenment project.
EN
Aim. The aim of this study is to analyze and evaluate two versions of the theory of liberalism which emerged within the philosophical tradition of pragmatism: Richard Rorty’s “ironic liberalism” and John Dewey’s “renascent liberalism”. Methods. The study is based on: 1) comparative analysis, which shows the differences and points of contact between Dewey’s classical pragmatism and Rorty’s neo-pragmatism, in particular, between different versions of their liberal theories; 2) critical analysis, which made it possible to identify the shortcomings and advantages in the arguments of the above-mentioned philosophers. Results. The author analyzed Rorty’s and Dewey’s theories of liberalism in relation to their theories of reality, human specificity, and ethics. In this way, the specific liberal views of these American philosophers on such issues as the relationship between private and public, the main goals of politics, and the values of the social order were explicated. It allowed offering a thorough critique of Rorty’s “ironic liberalism”, and supporting of Dewey’s “renascent liberalism”. Conclusion. While Dewey saw the mission of liberalism in enabling individuals to improve their experience, Rorty insisted on the need for a liberal policy of providing the basic conditions for individual self-creation. The main disadvantage of Rorty’s neo-pragmatism, and, in particular, “ironic liberalism”, was the exclusion from the philosophy of the modifying tools of human behavior, which were expressed by the concepts of “good” or “virtue”, in Dewey’s “renascent liberalism”. This circumstance necessitates a return from Rorty back to Dewey in the discussions on pragmatic liberalism. Key words: philosophy of pragmatism, Richard Rorty, John Dewey, historicism, naturalism, liberalism.
EN
Stratification of the cemetery’s space reflects the social structure of the city, revealing an internal hierarchy, the worldview and the tastes of the inhabitants. The message that a headstone conveys is a resultant of the communication intended by those who commissioned it and the historical context. The means of visual expression, as well as the nature of the embellishments are the necessary tools for its reading. This text is concerned with the possibilities of analysing and interpreting historical forms found at the Jewish cemetery in Łódź, taking into account the time when they were created, the location, the patron and the historical context.
PL
Bureaucracy is one of the leitmotives underpinning the ouvre of Andrei Platonov. The article explores the many facets this theme contains, both within the writer’s literary output as well as in his non-fiction works (notebooks, letters, literary critique, journalistic pieces). Drawing from his life experiences in the Soviet Russia of 1920s and 1930s, Platonov shows us how bureaucratic procedures destroy human relationships, destroying trust, friendships and family ties. He confronts a powerful state with alienated citizens asking moral questions about the nature of totalitarianism and how disastrous it is for society as a whole. And although Platonov excels in satire, the conclusions he draws are sombre.
EN
This study focuses on the beginnings of historical prose and its share in the emergence of modern historical thought. It surveys the origins of historicism as a distinctive approach towards the past, which experienced its heyday in the 19th century and which to this day still exercises some influence on our historical thinking. Whereas the first part of this exposition focuses on charting the output and transfer of new narrative techniques, the second part focuses on the internal operation of these texts and the implications arising out of the rhetoric involved for the reader. Hence the exposition surveys both questions regarding the cultural transfer of the emerging vernacular literature at the end of the 18th century and with the help of media theorists such as Friedrich Kittler it seeks answers to media theory issues surrounding the representation of the past.
CS
Studie se zabývá počátky historické prózy a jejím podílem na vzniku moderního historického myšlení. Sleduje genezi historismu jako svébytného vztahu k minulosti, který zažil svůj největší rozvoj v 19. století a který zčásti ovlivňuje dosud naše historické myšlení. Zatímco v první části se výklad soustředí na zmapování produkce a transferu nových vyprávěcích technik, v druhé části se zaměřuje na vnitřní fungování těchto textů a implikace vyplývající z jejich rétoriky pro čtenáře. Výklad tak sleduje jednak otázky kulturního transferu rodící se vernakulární literatury konce 18. století, jednak s pomocí teoretiků médií, jako je Friedrich Kittler, hledá odpovědi na mediálně teoretické problémy reprezentace minulosti.
EN
This article deals with the criticism to which a Warsaw historian, Józef Kazimierz Plebański, subjected works by representatives of the so-called Kraków school of history. Plebański, who studied under Ranke and shared Ranke’s historicist outlook, concentrated his criticism on the present-mindedness of the Kraków scholars’ interpretation of Polish history, considering it to be the key methodological error they committed. Following this perspective, the article shows how Plebański perceived the phenomenon known as the ‘new historical school’ and how he viewed works by such scholars as J. Szujski, W. Kalinka, M. Bobrzyński and W. Zakrzewski (whom Plebański also included among members of the Kraków school of history).
PL
W artykule przedstawiono dzieje krytyki, jakiej warszawski historyk Józef Kazimierz Plebański, uczeń Leopolda Rankego i zwolennik historyzmu, poddał dzieła reprezentantów tzw. krakowskiej szkoły historycznej. Krytyka ta koncentrowała się na zasadniczym, zdaniem Plebańskiego, metodologicznym błędzie krakowskich uczonych, jakim był prezentyzm w interpretowaniu dziejów Polski. Z tej perspektywy przybliżone będą Plebańskiego omówienia prac Józefa Szujskiego, Waleriana Kalinki, Michała Bobrzyńskiego, Wincentego Zakrzewskiego (którego warszawski uczony uznawał za przedstawiciela szkoły krakowskiej) oraz jego stosunek do samego zjawiska „nowej szkoły historycznej”.
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EN
This essay is an exploratory reflection on a theme drawn from the work of Pierre Hadot and Juliusz Domański regarding “philosophy as a way of life.” I approach the matter from the naturalistic outlook of classic pragmatism and its own limitations. This approach stresses the possible improvement of the analysis of normativity by way of some neglected contributions regarding the nature of history and the evolution of Homo sapiens applied to the formation of the human self or person. I take Hadot’s proposal seriously, therefore, as contributing to a mature conception of philosophy. But I deliberately restrict my own conjectures to naturalistic constraints, which begins to suggest an enlargement of pragmatism itself and an assessment of Hadot’s Greco-Roman and Christian themes.
PL
Wiedeń, stolica monarchii habsburskiej i siedziba jej władców, stał się w wieku XIX metropolią, a skokowy wzrost liczby ludności miasta pociągnął za sobą konieczność budowy licznych kościołów. Jedną z najistotniejszych kwestii praktycznych i teoretycznych był „właściwy” styl tych świątyń. Efektem prowadzonych wówczas dyskusji było uznanie aktualności stylów średniowiecznych, w tym zwłaszcza gotyku, który uchodził wręcz za „idealny” język architektury sakralnej. Dużo mniejszą popularnością cieszyły się formy zaczerpnięte z repertuaru sztuki nowożytnej (w teorii budownictwa kościelnego były one niemal jednogłośnie odrzucane); ograniczona była również recepcja wczesnego modernizmu. Pomimo supremacji neogotyku i neoromanizmu wiedeńską architekturę sakralną przełomu XIX i XX wieku cechuje olbrzymia różnorodność, odzwierciedlająca dylematy jej twórców.
EN
Vienna, the capital of the Habsburg monarchy and the seat of its rulers, in the 19th century became a metropolis, and the rocketing city population necessitated the building of many new churches. One of the most important practical and theoretical problems was the “appropriate” style to be used in those constructions. The result of the debates conducted at the time was accepting the validity of the mediaeval styles, especially Gothic, considered to be the “ideal” language of church architecture. Forms borrowed from more recent epochs in art and architecture were noticeably less popular (in the theory of church building they were practically unanimously rejected). Reception of early modernism was also limited. Despite the supremacy of Neo-Gothic and the Neo-Romanesque style, Vienna churches of the turn of the 20th century are characterized by great variety, which reflects the dilemmas of their creators.
Pamiętnik Literacki
|
2020
|
vol. 111
|
issue 3
193-204
PL
W recenzji omówiono książkę Macieja Junkierta „Nowi Grecy. Historyzm polskich romantyków wobec narodzin Altertumswissenschaft” (2017), poświęconą postrzeganiu niemieckiej filologii klasycznej i grekomanii przez Gotfryda Ernesta Groddecka, Joachima Lelewela i Adama Mickiewicza. Przeprowadzone w ostatnich latach badania nad recepcją starożytności w polskim romantyzmie dowiodły, że paradygmat rzymski – latinitas jako system symboliczny – skompromitował się w wyniku klęski I Rzeczypospolitej i że na początku XIX stulecia doszło na polskim gruncie do „zwrotu hellenistycznego”. Śledząc ten zwrot w oryginalnych pracach niemieckiej Altertumswissenschaft, Junkiert zwraca uwagę na to, że polski historyzm charakteryzował się głęboką ambiwalencją: grecki mit był już zajęty przez (pruskich) kolonizatorów, a polscy „nowi Grecy” musieli się zmagać z niemieckim pochodzeniem swojej tożsamości symbolicznej. Książka znakomicie pokazuje splot nacjonalizmu i historyzmu na przykładzie polskiego romantyzmu uniwersyteckiego. Dzięki wnikliwemu badaniu intertekstualności filologicznej – jak można określić podejście autora – wyróżnia się także nowatorstwem metodologicznym, wysoce obiecującym dla badań polonistycznych z pogranicza filologii i historii intelektualnej.
EN
This review discusses Maciej Junkiert’s book “Nowi Grecy. Historyzm polskich romantyków wobec narodzin Altertumswissenschaft” (“The New Greeks: Historicism of Polish Romantics in the Face of the Birth of Altertumswissenschaft”, 2017) on Gotfryd Ernest Groddeck’s, Joachim Lelewel’s, and Adam Mickiewicz’s reception of German classicism and philhellenism. Recent research into the reception of antiquity within Polish Romanticism has shown how the Roman paradigm—the symbolic system of latinitas—collapsed in the wake of the Partitions of Poland and how, from around 1800 onwards, a “Hellenistic turn” took place in Polish culture. Tracing this turn back to the original works of German Altertumswissenschaft, Junkiert argues, however, that Polish historicism was characterized by a deep ambivalence: the Greek myth had already been adopted by the Prussian colonizers and the Polish “new Greeks” had to struggle with the German origin of their new symbolic identity. This book compellingly shows the intertwinement of nationalism and historicism as exemplified by the case of the Polish “academic Romanticism.” Because of careful readings in philological intertextuality—as Junkiert’s outlook might be labelled—this study provides a methodologically innovative contribution to a practice of Polish studies between philology and intellectual history.
EN
Gernot Böhme’s philosophical anthropology combines a historistic-descriptive and a normative approach (“historical models of man,” the axiological “sovereign man” project).The author describes both types of philosophical narrative in detail, together with the categorial and argumentative inconsistencies which appear on their crossing point. His thesis is that the German philosopher attempts to neutralize these aporias by reference to the category of “relief” (Entlastung) and an argumentative strategy close to the position of thinkers like Jürgen Habermas, who made use of the “relief” category in his critical bioethical analyses.
EN
 In the years 1787–1789, the palace of the Raczyński family in Warsaw was rebuilt in the spirit of classicism (designed by Jan Christian Kamsetzer). In 1919, the palace became the seat of the Polish Ministry of Justice. During the term of office of two ministers, Aleksander Meysztowicz (1926–1928) and Czesław Michałowski (1930–1936), works were carried out in the building under the supervision of Marian Lalewicz. Meysztowicz started the renovation, but the final effect of the work was due to Michałowski. Although there is no evidence for it, it was and is in line with common practice that he probably accepted the concepts of conservation works and decorating designs presented to him. The space where the minister worked and rested was carefully created. The first consisted of a waiting room and a secretariat. The second is the minister’s working space: a large office and a library. A ballroom was used for larger meetings. The last zone was the minister’s apartment. Works of art and craft objects stylistically referring to the interior were purchased successively. During the works, the historicising style proposed by Lalewicz and implemented by his team was maintained. It is not known from when exactly Boris Zinserling, a Russian emigrant, architect, stage designer and painter, graduate of the Academy of Fine Arts in St. Petersburg, was associated with the works in the described facility. In 1935 he made a series of watercolors and charcoal drawings showing the interior. In 1936, the album Palace of the Ministry of Justice in Warsaw was released, decorated with colorful reproductions of Zinserling’s works. The still-captivating painting documentation brings closer the final effect of the work, which as a result of the war hostilities has not survived to our times.
PL
W latach 1787–1789 przebudowano w duchu klasycyzmu pałac rodziny Raczyńskich w Warszawie (projekt Jan Christian Kamsetzer). W 1919 roku pałac stał się siedzibą polskiego Ministerstwa Sprawiedliwości. W trakcie urzędowania dwóch ministrów, Aleksandra Meysztowicza (1926–1928) oraz Czesława Michałowskiego (1930–1936), przeprowadzono w budynku prace pod kierunkiem Mariana Lalewicza. Meysztowicz rozpoczął remont, ale końcowy efekt prac był zasługą Michałowskiego. Choć na to nie ma dowodów, ale było i jest zgodne z praktyką, że zapewne akceptował przedstawiane mu koncepcje prac konserwatorskich i projekty dekoratorskie. Starannie wykreowano przestrzeń, w której pracował i odpoczywał minister. Pierwsza składała się z poczekalni i sekretariatu. Druga to wnętrza robocze ministra: duży gabinet i biblioteka. Do większych spotkań wykorzystywano salę balową. Ostatnią strefą było mieszkanie ministra. Sukcesywnie nabywano dzieła sztuki oraz obiekty rzemiosła nawiązujące stylistycznie do wnętrz. W trakcie prac utrzymano historyzującą stylistkę wnętrz zaproponowaną przez Lalewicza i realizowaną przez jego zespół. Nie wiadomo, od kiedy dokładnie z pracami w opisywanym obiekcie był związany Borys Zinserling, rosyjski emigrant, architekt, scenograf i malarz, absolwent Akademii Sztuk Pięknych w Petersburgu. W 1935 roku wykonał cykl akwarel i rysunków węglem ukazujących wnętrza. W 1936 roku wydano album Pałac Ministerstwa Sprawiedliwości w Warszawie, którego ozdobą stały się barwne reprodukcje prac Zinserlinga. Urzekająca do dziś dokumentacja malarska przybliża finalny efekt prac, który w wyniku działań wojennych nie zachował się do naszych czasów.
EN
The article is dedicated to the interaction of Uladzimir Karatkievich with young Ukrainian poets from the mid-twentieth century who studied in Kyiv. Such a process is interpreted in terms of literary mores and through an overview, comparative-typological reading of their works. The analysis indicates that the Belarusian author was integrated into an environment in which he was formed as the man of letters interested in historical topics and as an extraordinary reader. Like Vasyl Symonenko and Mykola Som, he recorded the recognizable image of the student community of those years, in particu- lar, strengthening the creative atmosphere. Using irony, as well as playing around with everyday details, the writers of this generation sought to demarcate themselves from the socialist realistic worldview and stereotyped interpretations of facts in general. In turn, thanks to the intensive polylogue among the early Sixtiers, the university myth is reflected in the structure of Kyiv text.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest interakcji Uładzimira Karatkiewicza z młodymi ukraińskimi poetami połowy XX wieku, studiującymi w Kijowie. Kwestię tę zbadano w kontekście ówczesnego życia literackiego, a także przez pryzmat przeglądowego i porównawczo-typologicznego odczytania ich dzieł. Jak wynika z przeprowadzonej analizy, autor białoruski zintegrował się ze środowiskiem, w którym ukształtował się jako pisarz zainteresowany tematyką historyczną i nietuzinkowy czytelnik. Podobnie jak Wasyl Symonenko i Mykoła Som przyczynił się do utrwalenia obrazu społeczności studenckiej owych lat, w szczególności do wzmocnienia atmosfery twórczej. Z pomocą ironii, a także gry z codziennymi szczegółami literaci tego pokolenia starali się odciąć od socrealistycznego obrazu świata i stereotypowych interpretacji ogólnej rzeczywistości. Z kolei dzięki intensywnemu polilogowi początku lat sześćdziesiątych mit uniwersytecki znalazł swoje odzwierciedlenie w strukturze tekstu kijowskiego.
EN
The paper shows the position of allegory in the second half of the 19th century. The author analyses chosen examples of allegorical presentations found in art (e.g. Jan Matejko’s paintings, designs of Adam Mickiewicz monument in Cracow) and positivist literature, as well as critical opinions referring to this phenomenon. The sense of crisis, depletion and inadequacy of allegorical language towards the reality of the epoch, mainly expressed by critics, was attributed to the tendencies which shaped the cultural awareness of the 19th century, namely realism and historicism. 
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