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EN
The aim of this study was to characterize the knowledge about the joy in children with mild intellectual disability. The premises relating to the mental functioning of these children suggest that this knowledge is poorer and less complex than the knowledge of their peers in the intellectual norm. The study used the authoring tool to measure children’s knowledge of emotions, including joy. The tool takes into account the cognitive representation of the basic emotions available in three codes: image, verbal, semantic and interconnection between the codes – perception, symbolization and conceptualization, which perform the functions of perception, expression and understanding. The study included children with the intellectual norm (N = 30) and children with mild intellectual disability (N = 30). The results mainly indicate the differences in how happiness is understood by particular groups, to the detriment of children with disability. The character of the results is largely determined by the level of organization of knowledge about joy and accompanying mental operations.
PL
Katarzyna Parys, Sławomir Olszewski, Demanding disability – an analysis of opportunities and threats related to the functioning of people with mild intellectual disabilities. Part 2. Interdisciplinary Contexts of Special Pedagogy, no. 27, Poznań 2019. Pp. 389–401. Adam Mickiewicz University Press. ISSN 2300-391X. e-ISSN 2658-283X. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/ikps.2019.27.18The thesis considered in the article is the statement that mild intellectual disability is a demanding disability. Three dimensions were distinguished in the description of the situation of persons with a mild intellectual disability:1. Attributes of the phenomenon of mild intellectual disability2. Attributes of the population of people with mild intellectual disabilities3. Attributes of selected elements of the mesosystem of people with mild intellectual disabilities The key phenomena for these dimensions were analysed. The ambiguity of these phenomena has become the basis for considering the opportunities and threats that they may pose. Due to the extensiveness of the issues raised, the issues discussed are presented in two parts. The present text considers the third of these dimensions and the final reflections formulated on the basis of the conducted analysis.
PL
Katarzyna Parys, Sławomir Olszewski, Demanding disability – an analysis of opportunities and threats related to the functioning of people with mild intellectual disabilities. Part 1. Interdisciplinary Contexts of Special Pedagogy, no. 26, Poznań 2019. Pp. 15–38. Adam Mickiewicz University Press. ISSN 2300-391X. e-ISSN 2658-283X. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/ikps.2019.26.01The thesis considered in the article is the statement that mild intellectual disability is a demanding disability. Three dimensions were distinguished in the description of the situation of persons with a mild intellectual disability:1. Attributes of the phenomenon of mild intellectual disability2. Attributes of the population of people with mild intellectual disabilities3. Attributes of selected elements of the mesosystem of people with mild intellectualdisabilitiesThe key phenomena for these dimensions were analysed. The ambiguity of these phenomena has become the basis for considering the opportunities and threats that they may pose. Due to the extensiveness of the issues raised, the issues discussed are presented in two parts. The present text is considers the first two of the dimensions listed.
Psychologia Rozwojowa
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2012
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vol. 17
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issue 4
63–77
EN
Research findings have documented that coping of individuals with mild intellectual disability depends on social and psychological factors (Kościelska, 1998; Zigler, 1999; Switzky, 1999; Kurtek, 2009). The aim of the empirical research was to verify the regulatory role of individual experiences (conscious representation of parental attitudes) in coping of youth with mild intellectual disability in confl icts with parents. In the study of a group of 60 students (age: 14–20) from a special school, psychological methods belonging to a cognitive paradigm were used: te PCR Questionnaire (Parent-Child Relation Questionnaire) by A. Roe and M. Siegelman (1963) and RTSS Questionnaire (Coping in Difficult Social Situations) by Danuta Borecka-Biernat (2003). Both methods were adapted to low reading and understanding skills of the population (shorter items without abstract words). The results of multiple regression confi rmed the model of tendentious perception of object by R.H. Fazio (1986) in regulating coping strategies. Problem-oriented responses in confl icts with parents are explained in 30% of variance by individual experiences of Love (from mother and father as well) and not Demanding (rather Casual) mother. The predictors of aggressive coping tendency were experiences of father’s Rejection and lack of mother’s Attention (15% of variance). Finally the avoidance coping was explained in 10% by the experience of lack of mother’s Love. Obtained data comply to the holistic model of social rehabilitation of mildly intellectually disabled youth.
Logopedia
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2019
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vol. 48 EN
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issue 1
5-19
EN
The main goal of the present article is to show the place of cognitive definition in the description of the cognitive and linguistic abilities of older schoolchildren (aged 15–18) both intellectually normal and diagnosed with a mild intellectual disability. The article refers to the cognitive methodol-ogy because – the author believes – mutual relationships between cognitive processes and language are emphasized by cognitivists in a special way. The study highlights the important causes of problems in the conceptualization of conceptual structures in the group of intellectually disabled persons, such as: the disturbed development of cognitive processes, very limited amount of experiences and social interactions, lack of originality of associations and negligible influence of imagination. Similarities and differences in different ways of creating definitions were shown using the example of the word deszcz (rain).
EN
The world of the social experience and expectations of children with mild intellectual disabilities is very diverse. Such children do not always know how to cope with social expectations. In such situations they tend to withdraw or, conversely, behave improperly, in this way trying to mark their presence. Th e paper presents a pedagogical experiment, during which puppets were used in bibliotherapy classes. The method has already proven effective when working with children with mild intellectual disabilities. The main aim of the project was to develop adaptive behaviours in children with mild intellectual disabilities to include creative actions and the skills of social interaction in their upbringing and school environment and among their peers and to encourage them to seek effective ways to deal with their own difficulties.
EN
Humans maintain balance in the vertical position through random movements that result from instability of the body supported in two points. These tracking movements are responsible for the motor activity focused on maintaining body balance. The role of the postural control system is to choose a strategy, that is, the behaviour as a response to stimuli and regaining the balance through coordinated activity of the muscles that stabilize the talocrural and hip joints that perform movements in the frontal and sagittal planes. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of equestrian classes on postural balance in the frontal and sagittal balance in healthy boys aged 15 to 17 years and boys at the same age with mild intellectual disability. The study examined 100 randomized boys aged 15 to 17 years with mild intellectual disability and healthy boys. The study participants were divided into two groups: experimental group, who participated for 12 weeks in equestrian classes and the control group, with boys attending outdoor or indoor physical education classes. Before and after completion of the study, both experimental and control groups were diagnosed by means of Accu SwayPlus force plate. Maximum and minimum locations of the position of the centre of pressure (COP) with respect to the base of support on the platform were evaluated in the frontal and sagittal planes. The description of the parameters was based on the arithmetic mean, maximal and minimal value, scatter diagram and percentage distribution of values. Correlation of the parameters was also evaluated. Significant changes were found in the experimental groups after horse-riding classes, which pointed to the improvement in balance response, particularly in the sagittal plane, both in terms of minimal and maximal values. The character of these changes was similar: value of body sway in the sagittal plane was reduced and the higher percentage of minimal values was recorded for each parameter in both planes after the equestrian effect. Correlations were found between maximum position of the centre of pressure (COP) in the frontal plane and minimal and maximal position of the centre of pressure in the sagittal plane. All the significant changes and trends found for the experimental group which occurred after 12 weeks of equestrian classes suggest improved parameters of balance. The lack of changes in balance parameters in the control group shows that the equestrian classes help develop balance abilities in healthy boys aged 15 to 17 years and, to a lesser extent, in those with mild intellectual disability.
EN
The article takes a position on speaking rates in people with intellectual disabilities, where speech tempo is a research category. It presents the findings of research on speech tempo in special school students with moderate and mild intellectual disabilities, which are compared to the results of a control group – nondisabled peers. Students’ utterances were analyzed in terms of selected quantitative and qualitative aspects of speech. They included: the number of sounds used in a 30-second-long speech segment, the number of pauses, and also the percentage share of pauses in an utterance. To test research hypotheses, statistical analyses of the linguistic material collected were made with the use of the Student’s t-test, the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test, and the Shapiro-Wilk test.
EN
This literature review analyzes eight specialized papers which focus on issues of the perceptual motor skills of children and pupils with mild intellectual disabilities. Children and pupils with mild intellectual disabilities have deficits in perceptual motor skills. The deficits of adaptive and intellectual skills of these children and pupils may be greater (mainly because of their conceptual and abstract reasoning)­ than their relative deficits of perceptual motor skills. Stronger perceptual motor skills in children and pupils with mild intellectual disabilities may be the target of school intervention as a means of alleviating problems in adaptive functions.
Logopedia
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2019
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vol. 48
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issue 1
63-77
PL
Głównym celem niniejszego artykułu jest pokazanie miejsca definicji kognitywnej w opisie poznawczych i językowych możliwości dzieci w starszym wieku szkolnym (15–18 lat) w normie intelektualnej oraz z diagnozą niepełnosprawności intelektualnej w stopniu lekkim. W artykule odwołano się do metodologii kognitywnej, ponieważ – zdaniem autorki – wzajemne relacje między procesami poznawczymi a językiem kognitywiści akcentują w sposób szczególny. W artykule zwrócono uwagę na najważniejsze przyczyny powodujące problemy w konceptualizacji struktur pojęciowych w grupie osób niepełnosprawnych intelektualnie, takie jak: zaburzony rozwój procesów poznawczych, ubogi zasób doświadczeń i interakcji społecznych, brak oryginalności skojarzeń i znikomy wpływ wyobraźni. Podobieństwa i różnice w sposobach tworzenia definicji zostały pokazane na przykładzie wyrazu „deszcz”.
EN
The main goal of the present article is to show the place of cognitive definition in the description of the cognitive and linguistic abilities of older schoolchildren (aged 15–18) both intellectually normal and diagnosed with a mild intellectual disability. The article refers to the cognitive methodology because – the author believes – mutual relationships between cognitive processes and language are emphasized by cognitivists in a special way. The study highlights the important causes of problems in the conceptualization of conceptual structures in the group of intellectually disabled persons, such as: the disturbed development of cognitive processes, very limited amount of experiences and social interactions, lack of originality of associations and negligible influence of imagination. Similarities and differences in different ways of creating definitions were shown using the example of the word deszcz (rain).
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań nad tempem wypowiedzi uczniów szkoły specjalnej, dotkniętych niepełnosprawnością intelektualną w stopniu umiarkowanym, odniesione do grupy kontrolnej – rówieśników niedotkniętych żadnymi zaburzeniami rozwojowymi. Dodatkowo wyniki porównano z analogicznymi uzyskanymi w grupie osób niepełnosprawnych intelektualnie w stopniu lekkim. Analizy wypowiedzi uczniów objęły wybrane ilościowe i jakościowe aspekty mowy. Wśród analizowanych parametrów znalazły się: liczba sylab i głosek użytych w trzydziestosekundowym fragmencie wypowiedzi, liczba pauz wraz z ich charakterystyką, a także procentowy udział pauz w wypowiedzi. W celu weryfikacji hipotez badawczych uzyskany materiał językowy poddano analizom statystycznym.
EN
This article presents the results of the research into the pace of speech of students with a moderate intellectual disability as compared to their peers without any disabilities. Additionally, the results were also compared to a study of a group of students with a mild intellectual disability. Both quantitative and qualitative aspects of speech were analysed. The analysed criteria included: the number of syllables and phones used in the 30 seconds-long utterances, the number of pauses made and their characteristics and the percentage of the pauses within the utterance. The material obtained in the research was subsequently analysed using statistical methods.
EN
The main aim of the study was to determine teachers’ awareness of the development of visual and auditory perception in pupils with mild intellectual disabilities at a mainstream school in the Czech Republic. Based on this main aim, additional goals were set: to determine to what extent teachers are aware of the importance of developing visual and auditory perception in pupils with mild intellectual disabilities, by what means teachers develop visual and auditory perception in pupils with mild intellectual disabilities, and how teachers use pupils’ homework to develop visual and auditory perception. To achieve the aims of the study, the qualitative method was used with the technique of a semi-structured interview. The results show that teachers are aware of the importance of developing perceptual motor functions in pupils with mild intellectual disabilities, but the level of training in working with pupils with mild intellectual disabilities in mainstream primary schools is low. Teachers should receive more expert advice on the development of perceptual motor functions, especially from the staff of school counseling services.
PL
W artykule zaprezentowano wyniki badań opartych na teoretycznych podstawach koncepcji Seligmana. Owa koncepcja wskazuje na możliwości interpretacji zdarzeń jako optymistycznych lub pesymistycznych. Optymizm i nadzieja jawią się jako istotny wyznacznik zachowań, a także osiągnięć człowieka, ponieważ łączą się z siłą przekonania o własnych możliwościach, motywacją do podejmowania coraz to nowych wyzwań. Zaprezentowane w artykule wyniki badań sugerują, że młodzież młodsza częściej niż starsza wyjaśnia sytuacje niepowodzeń, stosując strategię odnajdywania nadziei. Nadzieja jest przejawem optymistycznego wyjaśniania stałości i zasięgu sytuacji niepowodzeń. Jest wynikiem postrzegania siebie przez pryzmat własnych możliwości i aspiracji. Można oczekiwać, że naukowe ustalenia diagnostyczne dotyczące mocnych stron człowieka, w tym także jego optymizmu i nadziei, będą istotnym źródłem w budowaniu przestrzeni rehabilitacyjnej dla osób z niepełnosprawnością intelektualną.
EN
This article presents the findings of research based on the theoretical fundamentals of Seligman’s concept. This concept shows that events can be interpreted as optimistic or pessimistic. Optimism and hope seem to be an important determinant of human behaviors and achievements 152 Joanna Głodkowska as they are connected with the strength of belief in one’s own abilities and with the motivation to keep taking up new challenges. The research findings presented in the article suggest that younger adolescents explain their misfortunes using hope-based strategies more frequently than older adolescents. Hope indicates that failures are explained in an optimistic way. Hope results from perceiving oneself from the angle of one’s abilities and aspirations. It is reasonable to expect that scientific diagnostic findings concerning human strengths, including human optimism and hope, will be an important resource to create rehabilitation space for people with intellectual disabilities.
PL
Zachowania społeczne dzieci z niepełnosprawnością intelektualną w stopniu lekkim są bardzo zróżnicowane. Planując pracę z nimi, powinno zwracać się uwagę na te działania, które fundamentalnie zoptymalizują ich potencjał i pomogą w asymilacji właściwych form zachowań. W artykule zaprezentowano badania, których celem było określenie efektywności zajęć, podczas których wykorzystano klocki LEGO® jako sposób na kształtowanie i wzmacnianie odpowiednich zachowań społecznych dzieci z niepełnoprawnością intelektualną w stopniu lekkim. W badaniu wykorzystany został kwestionariusz The Social Skills Checklist – Project DATA – University of Washington 9/2007. Zastosowano metodę eksperymentu pedagogicznego z techniką grup równoległych, z pomiarem wstępnym i końcowym. Utworzono dwie grupy: eksperymentalną i kontrolną. W badaniach udział wzięło 84. uczniów uczęszczających do klas II–IV ze szkoły podstawowej, w wieku 10–12 lat. Po okresie 36. tygodni wyniki ukazały, że badane kategorie zachowań znalazły się na poziomie istotnym statystycznie, a niektóre na poziomie zbliżonym do istoty statystycznej. Pozwoliło to na pozytywne zweryfikowanie założonej hipotezy badawczej.
EN
Social behavior of children with mild intellectual disability is very diverse. Therefore, when planning to work with them, attention should be paid to those activities that will fundamentally optimize their potential and help them in assimilation of appropriate forms of behavior. The article presents research which aimed the effectiveness of classes during which LEGO® bricks were used as a way to shape and built up appropriate social behavior of children with mild intellectual disability. In this study the questionnaire The Social Skills Checklist – Project DATA – University of Washington 9/2007 was used. The method of the pedagogical experiment with the parallel group technique was applied, with the pre-test and post-test. There were formed two groups: experimental and control. Eighty-four pupils attending classes II–IV (the primary school) aged 10–12 participated in the study. After 36 weeks – the results showed that the studied categories of behavior were at a statistically significant level and some of them were on the level of difference close to the level of statistical significance. This allowed for a positive verification of the adopted hypothesis.
EN
Aim. This article describes the manifestations of social inclusion of adult women with mild intellectual disabilities in the interpersonal zone. Methods. The research was carried out using the in-depth interview method. Eleven women between the ages of 23 and 37, who had been issued with a certificate of special education due to mild intellectual disability during their school years, participated in the study. The research results obtained were developed according to the assumptions of the phenomenographic perspective. Results. The women with mild intellectual disabilities surveyed, function in intimate marital or cohabiting relationships. Two types of interpersonal relationships with parents were noted. One is characterised by partnership, respecting the subjectivity of parents and their adult children. The other type refers to difficult relationships with parents as a result of neglect and lack of support earlier in the lives of the women studied. The types of relationships with the siblings of the women studied share a bonding function and differ in the frequency of encounters and their direct or indirect nature. Conclusion. Mild intellectual disability, in the case of the women studied, is not a limiting factor for social inclusion in the interpersonal zone. The interpersonal relationships with members of their immediate family of the women studied are important for their sense of worth, security, family ties, and the respect they are accorded in the local community.
PL
Cel. Celem artykułu jest opisanie przejawów społecznej inkluzji dorosłych kobiet z lekką niepełnosprawnością intelektualną w strefie interpersonalnej. Metody. Badania zrealizowano z wykorzystaniem metody wywiadu pogłębionego. W badaniach wzięło udział 11 kobiet w wieku pomiędzy 23. a 37. rokiem życia, którym w okresie szkolnym wydano orzeczenie o potrzebie kształcenia specjalnego ze względu na niepełnosprawność intelektualną w stopniu lekkim. Uzyskane wyniki badań opracowano zgodnie z założeniami perspektywy fenomenograficznej. Wyniki. Badane kobiety z lekką niepełnosprawnością intelektualną funkcjonują w intymnych relacjach małżeńskich oraz kohabitacyjnych. Odnotowano dwa typy relacji interpersonalnych z rodzicami. Jeden charakteryzuje się partnerstwem, poszanowaniem podmiotowości rodziców oraz ich dorosłych dzieci. Drugi zaś dotyczy trudnych relacji z rodzicami, będących wynikiem zaniedbań oraz braku wsparcia we wcześniejszych okresach życia badanych kobiet. Typy relacji z rodzeństwem zaś łączy więziotwórcza funkcja, a różni częstotliwość spotkań oraz ich bezpośredni lub pośredni charakter. Wnioski. Niepełnosprawność intelektualna lekkiego stopnia w przypadku badanych kobiet nie stanowi czynnika ograniczającego społeczną inkluzję w strefie interpersonalnej. Relacje interpersonalne badanych kobiet z członkami najbliższej rodziny mają znaczenie dla ich poczucia wartości, bezpieczeństwa, więzi rodzinnych oraz szacunku, jakim są obdarzane w społeczności lokalnej.
EN
The main objective of the following researches was an attempt to find an answer to question whether parents of people with mild intellectual disability suffer from depression and in case the answer to that question was positive I attempted to measure the revealed level of experienced depression. Studies were conducted on the group of 120 parents of people with mild intellectual disability with Down syndrome. The outcomes of conducted researches confirmed the assumption regarding the occurrence of above mentioned illness, what is more the level of experienced negative emotions varied in regard to the age of intellectually disabled son or daughter, in another words the level of depression changed in regard to the phase of the family life cycle. Parents, who were in the first phase of family life cycle (parents of children from 30 months old to 6 years old) and parents form the last phase of family life cycle (aging parents) revealed moderated level of experienced depression, whereas parents from the second phase displayed mild level of depression, which in turn was hardly displayed in the group of parents with adult persons with Down syndrome.
PL
Głównym celem prezentowanych w rozdziale badań jest próba odpowiedzi na pytanie czy i jeżeli tak, to w jakim stopniu rodzice osób z zespołem Downa z niepełnosprawnością intelektualną w stopniu głębszym (umiarkowanym i znacznym) doświadczają depresji oraz na ile nasilenie depresji jest powiązane z płcią rodzica i etapem cyklu życia rodziny. Badania przeprowadzone na grupie 120 rodziców ujawniły, że nasilenie depresji wiąże się z płcią rodzica, bowiem badani ojcowie cechowali się wyższym poziomem depresji niż matki. Badania ujawniły też zróżnicowanie nasilenia depresji u rodziców w zależności od cyklu życia rodziny. Nasilenie depresji kształtowało się od objawów depresji umiarkowanej w grupie rodziców dzieci od 30 miesiąca do 6 lat do zmniejszenia nasilenia na granicy poziomu depresji łagodnej w grupie rodzin z dziećmi od 6 do 13 lat i braku depresji w grupie rodzin z dziećmi w wieku od 13 do 20 lat oraz do ponownego wzrostu do poziomu depresji umiarkowanej w grupie rodzin z dziećmi „opuszczającymi” dom.
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