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EN
The main aim of this article is to analyze the categories of stereotypical image of Polish and German nations on the literary and linguistic levels. The analysis both includes a descriptive overview of Andrzej Stasiuk’s and Wojciech Stamm’s prosaic texts, and provides references to the evolution of a linguistic image of the world in terms of hetero-stereotypical and auto-stereotypical images of Poles and Germans. This paper also examines two novels: Dojczland and Czarna Matka . The author makes an attempt to answer the question of which of the most common Polish-German stereotypes are not mentioned and which are present in the examined novels.
EN
The aim of the study was to determine whether the Podlasie entrepreneurs think about neighboring nations (Belarusian, Lithuanian, Ukrainian and Russian) in a stereotypical way (ascribing to them certain negative characteristic) and, if that affects in any way the decision about cooperation. The theoretical part of the article concerns the concept of stereotype, its features and functions. In the empirical part the results of research are presented. It was carried out on a group of Polish entrepreneurs (in Podlasie) in order to identify their attitudes and opinions on some neighboring nations (Russians, Belarusians, Lithuanians and Ukrainians). The research was a pilot study. The sample included two hundred entrepreneurs. Authors’ questionnaire was used. In the light of the study negative national stereotypes seem to have a great importance in creating cross-border networking.
EN
The article shows the dynamics of mutual perception of Poles and Ukrainians that occur against the background of growing intensity of Polish-Ukrainian contact, which is especially clearly seen after Poland has joined the European Union. These contacts led to the situation, when the image of Ukrainians in the eyes of the Poles turned warmer and ceased to be as deeply as before rooted in history. Poles noticed some values they share with Ukrainians. The image of Poland and Poles in the eyes of Ukrainians has a lot of very positive elements: Poles are modern, agile and tolerant, and Poland is a country where the authorities care about people and respect their freedom and where there is a rapid economic growth. In the attitudes of Poles there are many inconsistencies and paradoxes: Ukrainian state is assessed as ineffective and affected with corruption, but at the same time Poles would like to see Ukraine as a member of the European Union. In the Polish associations with Ukraine one can see the echo of tragic events of the World War II, but at the same time the Ukrainians are widely accepted in Poland as workers and often do jobs that require a significant level of trust: such as baby sitting, taking care of elderly parents or cleaning up the private apartments. The growing number of immigrants from Ukraine in Poland can, however, lead to conflicts over access to the labour market, which may have broader social effect. Migration crisis in Europe contributes also to the growth of hostility towards immigrants in Polish society. This change may also affect the Ukrainians.
EN
The article presents speeches of Czech publicists, sociologists and culture studies specialists on the Czech social and individual identity at the turn of the 21st century and their observations on two national identities, Czech and Polish, frequently based on stereotypes. It provides different Czech and foreign interpretations of two protagonists: the historical, Jan Hus, and the fictional and literary, Josef Švejk as symbols (icons) of the dual Czechhood.
PL
Artykuł prezentuje wypowiedzi czeskich publicystystów, socjologów i kulturoznawców na temat własnej tożsamości jednostkowej i zbiorowej przełomu XX i XXI wieku oraz ich uwagi o wzajemnej ocenie dwóch tożsamości narodowych: czeskiej i polskiej, dokonywanej często za pomocą stereotypów. Przypomina różne czeskie i obce interptretacje dwóch postaci: historycznej Jana Husa i fikcyjnej, literackiej Josefa Švejka jako symboli (ikon) dwojakiej czeskości.
EN
The purpose of the article is to present an integrated research approach based on fundamental principles of cognitive ethnolinguistics and studies of multimodality in texts and discourse, and to apply it to a) reconstruction of stereotypes meaning, and to b) carry out a comparative study of the way the stereotypes are construed in four different languages.
EN
This paper presents a comparative analysis of caricatures published in Hungarian (Üstökös, Borsszem Jankó), and Slovak (Černokňažník) comic papers in the second half of the 19th century (the analysed volumes are: 1874, 1895–1902). The aim of the analysis is to picture the stereotypes and the ways of depiction of the non-Hungarian national minority groups in caricatures by Hungarians and conversely, the depictions of Hungarians and the prejudices in Slovak caricatures. The author is also interested in autostereotypes that enables to observe the differences between the visual methods of the representation of the “Other” and of the “We” group. Furthermore, the author examines the changes of national stereotypes — paralleling the strengthening of nationalism — during the decades. As the results show, the stereotypes in the comic papers and humorous or ironic images of the “Self” and the “Other” may be connected to the nation building process and the process of shaping “enemies”.
EN
The aim of the article is to analyze the novel Brisbane by Eugene Vodolazkin in terms of using national stereotypes in the description of two nationalities — the Ukrainians and the Poles. The author is particularly interested in how Vodolazkin perceives the manifestation of their identity. What determines the value of this novel from the point of view of stereotypes is the historical background — the times of communism, perestroika, the difficult 1990s, up to the present day. Thanks to this, the time in which the novel’s plot takes place allows us to capture the historical events that have affected the failure of Soviet identity and the consolidation of contemporary Ukrainian national identity. The analysis shows that Vodolazkin based his character’s characteristics on national stereotypes known for many years.
RU
Целью статьи является анализ романа Брисбен Евгения Водолазкина с точки зрения использования национальных стереотипов в описании украинцев. Автор особенно заинтресован в том, как Водолазкин воспринимает их проявление своей идентичности и индивидуальности. Во многом ценность этого романа с точки зрения стереотипов определяет исторический фон — времена коммунизма, перестройки, „трудных” девяностых, вплоть до наших дней. Благодаря этому время, в которое происходит действие романа, отражает исторические события, повлиявшие на поражение советской идентичности и укрепление современной украинской национальной идентичности. Анализ показывает, что характеристики своих персонажей Водолазкин основывал на национальных стереотипах, известных на протяжении многих лет.
EN
The Merry Wives of Windsor has long been compared to a great babel of languages. The play contains a smattering of Spanish, Italian and Dutch and even a whole scene dedicated to the mistranslation of Latin. A large part of the play’s humour also heavily relies on the foreign accents of two characters: the French Doctor Caius and the Welsh parson Sir Hugh Evans. If Christopher Luscombe’s 2008/2010 production of The Merry Wives at Shakespeare’s Globe theatre in London bears testimony to the success of cross-language and accent-based comedy as a source of laughter on today’s English stage, it seems rather implausible, at first sight, that French translations, adaptations and stagings of these accents and linguistic idiosyncrasies should be greeted with the same degree of hilarity. Indeed, how should the Welsh and French accents, both representing real stumbling blocks for French-speaking translators of the play, be transposed into French? What translation strategies can the latter devise? And to what extent can some of those strategies be said to be politically correct? Focusing on Shakespeare’s ‘favorite’ (predominant) accents and the significance and impact of such linguistic comedy, I shall examine the question of their problematic translation through the analysis and comparison of a number of translations and stagings of The Merry Wives of Windsor into French.
RU
The main focus of the article is intercultural jokes as carriers of stereotypes. After discussing the meaning of humour in a foreign language lesson, the concepts of joke and intercultural joke will be explained. Then, an attempt will be made to answer the following questions: Are intercultural jokes in a foreign language lesson a difficult topic that should be avoided, or do they open up an interesting opportunity to consider ethnic and national stereotypes? How can they be incorporated into the teaching and learning process of foreign languages?
PL
Chociaż trudno jest odrzucić twierdzenie, że alkohol można uznać za nieodzowny element kultury irlandzkiej, w powszechnym odbiorze przekonanie to często oparte jest na stereotypach. Pomocna w zrozumieniu tej kwestii jest literatura irlandzka. Znaleźć tu możemy obrazy radosnego opilstwa, ale także, zwłaszcza w tekstach współczesnych, dramat uzależnienia alkoholowego i powiązane z nim problemy. Prezentowany artykuł podejmuje próbę przyjrzenia się, jak literatura irlandzka przedstawia kwestię spożywania i nadużywania alkoholu, a także w jaki sposób teksty literackie ukazują szerszą perspektywę, która pozwala na zrewidowanie stereotypów dotyczących przysłowiowej kultury alkoholowej Irlandii.
EN
Although it is hard to challenge the claim that alcohol can be considered inherent in Irish culture, the common perception of the fact often feeds on clichés. What helps understand this question is Irish literature. On the one hand, it portrays jubilant festivity to be found in many literary works; on the other, it renders the drama behind alcohol dependency, shifting the focus from joviality towards the more murky aspects of drink consumption, mostly thematised in contemporary literature. This article takes a closer look at how Irish literature renders alcohol use and abuse, and how the literary representations offer a broader perspective, allowing to reconsider some of the stereotypical notions of the proverbial Irish propensity for drink.
EN
Movies create, among others, historical stereotypes. In USSR the presentation of Polish-Soviet relations during World War II was subjected to propaganda reasons. The USSR created its image as the liberator of Europe, concealing the alliance with Germany in 1939. In Soviet movies, Polish Home Army and government-in-exile were shown as pro-German organizations. Polish threads in contemporary Russian movies and TV series, analyzed in the article, seem to justify the hypothesis, that in the years 2005-2010 a chance to change the view of Russian-Polish relations during World War II appeared in Russia. Once the barriers which prevented Russians from learning about the most important facts were gone, the foundations for further exploration of the Polish theme were created. This can result in dissemination of basic knowledge, which is essential for establishing normal Russian-Polish relations.
EN
The article focuses on the issue of the influence of the historical conditions on the Polish-Russian relations at the threshold of the 21st centuries. The history of these two countries is linked by a long lasting and difficult past and thus numerous unresolved disputes, burdens and myths arose that have been felt to this day. In 1989, after the fall of the Communist system in our country, new political elites managing the process of democratic changes in the Third Polish Republic, made efforts that aimed at settling disputed threads from the common Polish-Russian history. On the way to making up for the past, the period between 2007 and 2015 was marked by a number of important events that could be seen as the symbol of the common reconciliation. Unfortunately, there were also moments of regression and deep crisis that negatively affected the cooperation of both countries in the matter of dealing with difficult cards of the common history.
PL
Artykuł podejmuje zagadnienie wpływu uwarunkowań historycznych na relacje polsko-rosyjskie u progu XXI w. Dzieje tych dwóch państw łączy wielowiekowa i trudna przeszłość, w wyniku czego powstały między nimi liczne nierozwiązane do końca spory, obciążenia i mity, dające o sobie znać po dzisiejszy dzień. Po upadku w 1989 r. systemu komunistycznego w naszym kraju nowe elity polityczne, kierując procesem przemian demokratycznych w III RP, podjęły starania zmierzające do rozliczenia spornych wątków ze wspólnej polsko-rosyjskiej historii. Na tej drodze wyrównywania dawnych zaszłości lata 2007–2015 obfitowały w ważne wydarzenia, mogące stanowić symbol wspólnego pojednania. Niestety zdarzały się również momenty regresu i głębokiego kryzysu, rzutujące negatywnie na współpracę obu krajów w kwestii rozliczania trudnych kart historii.
EN
Effective process of creating the national brand should be related to the current image of the country, perceived by international public opinion – also through the prism of stereotypes existing in society. Wondering if the there is a possibility to make use of existing beliefs as a method to create brand of the country, the survey among viewes of “Poland. Come and Complain” advertisement was conducted. The study presented in this article, attempt to answer the question about the possible risks and benefits which may result from using stereotypes in the branding process. The outcome of research conducted among a group of international students indicate differences both in their opinions about Poland and Polish people and campaign reception, allow to draw a conclusions. These however may be useful in the process of national branding creation, especially for Eastern European countries which still face the problem of negative image.
RU
Эффективный процесс формирования национального брэнда требует от лиц, принимающих решения, ссылки на нынешний имидж государства, воспринимаемый международным общественным мнением, а также рассматривание этого вопроса через призму существующих в обществе стереотипов. Размышляя над возможностью использования существующих убеждений, как вспомогательного инструмента в создании образа государственно го бренда, было проведено исследование восприятия польской компании „Poland. Come and Complain”. Цель анализа, представленного в ниже пред-лагаемой статье, заключается в попытке найти ответ на вопрос, касающийся возможных рисков и пользы, связанных с оперированием стереотипами в процессе формирования государственного имеджа. Результаты подсчётов, проведённых в студенческих международных группах, показывающие различия, как в оценке кампании, так и в предыдущих отзывах относительно Польши и Поляков, позволяют сделать выводы. Это может быть полезно в процессе национального брендинга, в частности, для стран Восточной Европы, которые продолжают бороться с проблемой негативного имиджа.
EN
Review: Aleksandra Niewiara, Imagologia – pamięć zbiorowa – umysł i kultura, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego, Katowice 2019, 320 pp.This paper is a review of Aleksandra Niewiara’s monograph Imagologia – pamięć zbiorowa – umysł i kultura [Imagology – Collective Memory – Mind and Culture]. The volume investigates the nature of collective conceptions of nations in terms of ethnolinguistic imagology. It consists of a theoretical part (“Concepts of Nations in the Light of Cognitive Studies on Culture”), an analytical part (examining verbal and visual data) and a comparative part, which discusses ways of constructing ideas about nations as cultural conceptualisations: networks of concepts present in the minds of members of a community (and therefore also representatives of a culture). Concepts of nations have thus far been considered a static and fragmentary category. The reviewed monograph shows this category as an element of the network of culture, which reflects the basic image schemas and – like any part of culture – changes over time. Rec.: Aleksandra Niewiara, Imagologia – pamięć zbiorowa – umysł i kultura, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego, Katowice 2019, 320 ss.Niniejszy artykuł stanowi recenzję monografii poświęconej polskim wyobrażeniom o narodach w ujęciu imagologii etnolingwistycznej. Praca składa się z trzech części: teoretycznej (Wyobrażenia o narodach w świetle kognitywnych badań kultury), analitycznej (danych werbalnych i wizualnych) oraz badawczej w formie dyskusji nad sposobem konstruowania wyobrażeń o narodach jako konceptualizacji kulturowych w postaci sieci pojęć obecnych w umysłach pojedynczych osób wybranej grupy społecznej – reprezentantów danej kultury. Kategoria wyobrażeń o narodach, uważana dotąd za specyficzną ze względu na statyczny i wycinkowy sposób konceptualizacji, przedstawiona została jako jeden z elementów sieci kultury, odwzorowujący podstawowe schematy wyobrażeniowe i podlegający – jak cała kultura – zmianom na osi czasu.
Porównania
|
2017
|
vol. 20
|
issue 1
63-75
EN
The article focuses on the fundamental trends in the descriptions of Kashubian literature which portrays non-Kashubians (Florian Ceynowa, Henryk Derdowski, Aleksander Majkowski, Jan Rompski). Basically it gives here designate the tendency of sympathy and antipathy. The first takes place mainly in relation to the Poles who are seen from the perspective of a common struggle against Germanization. However, this is not a consistent trend because already in the discourse of the founder of the Kashubian identity, Florian Ceynowa, criticism of the Polish model of social and national characteristics characterological can be noticed. The second and opposite trend of presenting the other and the foreign is manifested most strongly in the literature Kashubian when including the German national element. It was almost always portrayed as evil and violent. There are, however, exceptions and sometimes the Germans are portrayed with respect and admiration. When it comes to the Jewish, the Kashubian literaturę does not take a consistent stand because of the small size of this social group in Pomerania.The foreigners / the others presented in the Kashubian literature are a threat in terms of numbers, civilization or culture for the Kashubians. Hence, Kashubian writers in their creations continuously juxtapose the domestic paradise with the external cultural factors. The newcomers from outside of Kashubia bring with them greed, immorality and a lack of ideological orientation, whereas they rarely inspire positive attributes. Thus, they become colonizers of the Kashubians and hold the state and sometimes even religious power.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy podstawowych tendencji w opisach literatury kaszubskojęzycznej, portretującej nie-Kaszubów (Florian Ceynowa, Hieronim Derdowski, Aleksander Majkowski, Jan Rompski). Zasadniczo daje się tutaj wyznaczyć tendencje sympatii i antypatii. Pierwsza pojawia się głównie w stosunku do Polaków, którzy postrzegani są z perspektywy wspólnej walki z germanizacją. Jednakże nie jest to spójna tendencja, ponieważ już u założyciela dyskursu tożsamości kaszubskiej Floriana Ceynowy daje się zauważyć krytykę polskiego modelu społecznego i narodowych cech charakterologicznych. Druga, odwrotna tendencja przedstawiania innych i obcych najsilniej objawia się w literaturze kaszubskiej wobec niemieckiego żywiołu narodowego. Niemal zawsze pełnił on funkcję przykładu przemocy i zła. Pojawiają się wszakże odstępstwa i bywa, że Niemcy opisywani są z szacunkiem i podziwem. Wobec Żydów literatura kaszubska nie zajmuje konsekwentnego stanowiska, co wynika z małej liczebności tej grupy społecznej na Pomorzu.Obcy/inni przedstawieni w literaturze kaszubskiej są dla Kaszubów zagrożeniem pod względem liczebności, cywilizacji czy kultury. Stąd literaci kaszubscy w swych kreacjach stale przeciwstawiają domowy raj zewnętrznym czynnikom kulturowym. Przybysze spoza Kaszub przynoszą ze sobą chciwość, rozpustę, bezideowość, rzadko kiedy inspirując pozytywnymi cechami. Stają się zatem kolonizatorami Kaszubów, którzy utrzymują władzę w wymiarze państwowym a czasami i religijnym.
17
63%
PL
Obiektem badań w artykule są dowcipy w języku rosyjskim – gatunek tekstu, który odgrywa szczególną rolę w życiu współczesnego człowieka, biorąc udział, między innymi, w formowaniu stereotypów narodowościowych. Dla zrozumienia mechanizmu działania dowcipu na umysł odbiorcy niezbędna jest analiza jego składników tekstowych. Dowcip odbierany jest jako typ tekstu zbudowany na podstawie różnych mechanizmów przeciwstawienia skryptów, które tworzą swego rodzaju równanie. W równaniu tym występują wielkości stałe (cechy charakteru lub sposoby zachowania w pewnej sytuacji, leżącego u podstaw charakteru narodowego) oraz wielkości zmienne (nazwy przedstawicieli narodowości). O powstaniu stereotypu możemy mówić w tym wypadku, kiedy pewna cecha stale jest przypisywana przedstawicielom pewnej narodowości.
EN
The article deals with Russian jokes. Jokes play a special role in people’s lives nowadays by, among others, contributing to the formulation of national stereotypes. In order to understand the mechanism of the influence of a joke on the mind of the receiver, it is necessary to analyze its textual components. A joke is construed as a type of text built on the basis of various mechanisms of the juxtaposition of scripts which constitute a type of equation. The equation contains constants, i.e. traits of human nature or patterns of behaviour in a given situation which lie at the root of a specific national character, and variables, i.e. the names of the representatives of given nationalities. A stereotype arises when a particular trait is regularly attributed to representatives of the same nationality.
Facta Simonidis
|
2016
|
vol. 9
|
issue 1
263-277
EN
The article reveals synthetically perception of the Germans in the Polish society and the German stereotype in Poland over the centuries. The author presents the stages of the evolution of the perception and the German stereotypes in our society, how have they been created and evaluated in the time, as well as in particular time periods. Special attention is given to the perception and the German stereotypes in Poland in the 20th and 21st centuries. Primarily the author focuses on how these perceptions and stereotypes look like in modern times.
PL
Artykuł w sposób syntetyczny ukazuje postrzeganie Niemców w społeczeństwie polskim oraz stereotyp Niemca w Polsce na przestrzeni dziejów. Autor przedstawia etapy ewolucji postrzegania i stereotypu Niemca w polskim społeczeństwie, zwłaszcza ewoluowanie w czasie i w poszczególnych okresach historycznych. Szczególną uwagę poświęca autor postrzeganiu i stereotypowi Niemca w Polsce w XX i XXI wieku, przy czym koncentruje się na czasach współczesnych.
PL
Artykuł w sposób syntetyczny ukazuje postrzeganie Niemców w społeczeństwie polskim oraz stereotyp Niemca w Polsce na przestrzeni dziejów. Autor przedstawia etapy ewolucji postrzegania i stereotypu Niemca w polskim społeczeństwie, zwłaszcza ewoluowanie w czasie i w poszczególnych okresach historycznych. Szczególną uwagę poświęca autor postrzeganiu i stereotypowi Niemca w Polsce w XX i XXI wieku, przy czym koncentruje się na czasach współczesnych.
EN
The article reveals synthetically perception of the Germans in the Polish society and the German stereotype in Poland over the centuries. The author presents the stages of the evolution of the perception and the German stereotypes in our society, how have they been created and evaluated in the time, as well as in particular time periods. Special attention is given to the perception and the German stereotypes in Poland in the 20th and 21st centuries. Primarily the author focuses on how these perceptions and stereotypes look like in modern times.
EN
In the paper Cultural and national stereotypes in War and Peace by L. Tolstoy several chapters of the 3rd and the 4th books of the novel are analyzed, the chapters which are set in the territory of Lithuania, a former part of Respublica Poloniae. The paper concerns a “mechanism” of transformation of the natural geographical space of Lithuania into a fictional space of Russia. Tolstoy treats ironically the mental confrontation of Napoleon and Alexander I, when basing on the clichés about Russians and the ‘Russian earth’ each of the emperors presents his own understanding of the territories having taken over by Russia as a result of the third partition of Poland in 1795. According to Tolstoy, it is impossible to comprehend rationally the cultural and national mythologems and stereotypes in which the sacred spirit of a people is embodied. Arguing for this claim Tolstoy as an artist sacrifices the national peculiarities of Lithuania.
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